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PIGEON DISSECTION WHAT BODY PARTS DOES A BIRD HAVE TO HELP IT FLY? EVERYTHING! EVERY body system in a bird is modified in some way to help it fly! ARCHAEOPTERYX First bird Fossil image from: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/birds/archaeopteryx.html Image from: http://www2.thny.bbc.co.uk/education/darwin/exfiles/archaeopteryx.htm PIGEON LATIN meaning ANIMALIA KINGDOM _____________ PHYLUM ____________________________ CHORDATA VERTEBRATA “backbone” SUBPHYLUM ___________________________ AVES Plural of “avis”= bird CLASS _______________________________ COLUMBIFORMES ORDER _____________________________ FEATHERS Image modified from: http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/554notes1.html FEATHERS rachis Image from: http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/554notes1.html PREEN GLAND Image from: http://www.rit.edu/~vertzo/Pigeon/PigeonPages/Home.html EXTERNAL FEATURES Feathers Beaks Feet BEAKS Image from: http://www.antbits.co.uk/ant_pages/bio-pages/bio-02.html MODIFICATIONS of INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM • THIN skin – light weight • Feathers provide lift & protect against heat loss • Preen gland keeps feathers in shape • Streamline body to decrease air/wind resistance EXTERNAL NARES CERE NICTITATING MEMBRANE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE inside head SCALY SKIN on feet CLAWS Kestral Image from: http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/birdbrain2.html EYES BIG for size of head See in COLOR Eyes on front of facegives depth perception Seen in predators Eyes on sides of headGives wide range of vision Seen in prey BROOD PATCH Image from: http://www.ventanaws.org/images/bsol/SongSparrow.jpg CLOACA & VENT SKELETAL Hollow bones = light weight Image from: BIODIDAC FUSED BONES = Sturdy FURCULA PYGOSTYLE STERNUM Image modified from: http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/554notes1.html MODIFICATIONS of SKELETAL SYSTEM Bones = hollow/Air sacs extend into bones to make them less dense = fused to make them sturdy FURCULA – stabilizes shoulders during flight STERNUMattaches flight muscles PYGOSTYLEsupport for tail MUSCULAR SYSTEM PECTORALIS & SUPRACORACOIDEUS make up 35% of total body weight MODIFICATIONS of MUSCULAR SYSTEM HUGE PECTORALIS MUSCLE powers wings CROP CROP Stores & moistens food HEART THYROID Heart = 1 ½ to 2 times larger than in equal size mammal 1 loop 2 chambers 2 loops 3 chambers 2 loops 4 chambers Fish amphibians & reptiles birds & mammals 4 CHAMBER HEART 2 LOOPS Sinus venosus RIGHT LEFT Lungs Atrium Atrium Ventricle Body organs Conus arteriosus FROG & TURTLE CIRCULATION BIRD CIRCULATION MODIFICATIONS of CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Heart large for body size Closed 2 loop system- most efficient/faster Complete septum/4 chamber heart- keeps Low/High oxygen blood totally separated Rapid heart rate- delivers more oxygen/faster MODIFICATIONS of ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ENDOTHERMIC METABOLISMprovides maximum energy for extended activity (flying) BURNING more GLUCOSE faster… is where the heat comes from! LIVER with GALL BLADDER inside PANCREAS GIZZARD GIZZARD Muscular Contains gravel/rocks to grind food SMALL INTESTINE (Duodenum & Ileum) LARGE INTESTINE isn’t very large! EXITS through CLOACA COLIC CAECA Pouches on LARGE intestine Contain bacteria to digest plants MODIFICATIONS of DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • Fast efficient digestive system fuels endothermic metabolism for more energy for extended activity • CROP- stores next batch so food always moving through • 2 part stomach- so food moves through faster • COLIC CAECA- help break down plants • LONG SMALL INTESTINE-absorbs lots of nutrients • SHORT LARGE INTESTINEdon’t waste time absorbing water or storing waste… out of body as it is made. TRACHEA BRONCHI SYRINX • Cartilage rings LUNGS Remove 31% of oxygen ; Human lungs remove 24% AIR SACS STORE AIR No gas exchange ALLOW OXYGEN IN LUNGS on the INHALE and on the EXHALE OXYGEN on the EXHALE Animation from: http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm/birds MODIFICATIONS of RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • EFFICIENT RESPIRATORY SYSTEM gets the most oxygen possible • Extra AIR SACS allow oxygen in lungs on both the INHALE AND EXHALE • Air sacs extending into bones makes skeleton less dense • Alveoli increase surface area for more gas exchange KIDNEYS & URETERS MODIFICATIONS of EXCRETORY SYSTEM Excrete nitrogen waste as URIC ACID- so needs less water No URINARY BLADDER- so urine (water) not stored… less weight TESTES TESTES KIDNEYS URETERS CLOACA OVARY / OVIDUCTS TUBES IS TUBES? OVIDUCTS- carry eggs from ovary to cloaca VAS DEFERENS- carry sperm from testes to cloaca URETERS- carry urine from kidneys to cloaca MODIFICATIONS of REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • Female has only ONE OVARY & OVIDUCT on left side … less weight • OVIPARITY- lay eggs outside of body … less weight • Ovary enlarges during breeding season/shrinks rest of time… less weight MODIFICATIONS of NERVOUS SYSTEM • Large brain for body size = “smarter” • Bigger CEREBRUM for more complex behaviors problem solving; learning; navigation; • Bigger CEREBELLUM- for muscle coordination • Bigger OPTIC LOBES for better vision; 3D & Color • Concentration of iron in brain to act as compass