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• Biochemical • Cells • Tissues • Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous • Organs • Examples include stomach, liver, heart • Organ Systems • Their purpose is to maintain homeostasis • Epithelial • Covering or lining • Connective Blood • Joins, stores and supports • Muscle • Internal and external movement • Nerve Muscle • Conducts electrical signals Nerve Skeletal Circulatory Respiratory Excretory Nervous Integumentary Muscular Immune (Lymphatic) Digestive Reproductive Endocrine • Functions: • Framework and support • Protection • Storage Skull Scapula Humerus Ulna Clavicle Sternum Ribs Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Pelvis Femur Patella Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Tibia • Functions • Movement • Warmth • Posture • Muscle Properties • Ability to contract • Ability to be stretched • Ability to respond to a stimulus • Muscle Types • Skeletal • Smooth • Cardiac Deltoid Pectoralis major Biceps brachi Gluteus maximus Rectus femoris Gastrocnemius Skeletal Smooth Cardiac Myosin Actin Sarcomere • Transports nutrients, gases, wastes, water, and hormones and also distributes heat • Structures of circulatory system • Heart • Vessels • Blood Aorta Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery Left atrium Right atrium Mitral Valve Tricuspid Valve Left Ventricle Right Ventricle Anterior view Lymphatic system purpose: • Collects loose blood and returns it to circulatory system • Filters out pathogens from blood • Nonspecific defense responses • Skin and mucous membranes • Inflammatory response • Temperature • White blood cells • Specific immune responses • To bacteria and viruses Lymphatic system parts: • Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen • Respiration is gas exchange between an organism and the environment • Respiratory structures include: the nose, pharynx, larynx, lungs (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli) • Mechanics of Breathing • Negative pressure Exhalation • Respiratory Diseases Inhalation Nasal Passage Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchioles Alveoli Bronchus • Purpose: breakdown of nutrients to a level that can be absorbed and used by cells of the body. • Structures • gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine) • Accessory (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas) Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Liver Stomach Large Intestine Small Intestine Villi • Excretion is the removal of metabolic wastes from the body, including toxic chemicals, excess water, and salts. • Excretory Organs • Skin • Kidneys Nephron Kidney Kidney Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra • Purpose: produce and carry offspring • Produces gametes (eggs and sperm) • Fertilization – produce zygote • Male Reproductive System • Testes • Epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, Cowper’s gland • Female Reproductive System • Ovary • Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina Urinary bladder Vas deferens Prostate gland Urethra Seminal vesicle Epididymus Penis Testis Fallopian tube Uterus Urinary bladder Vagina Anterior View Sagittal View Fallopian tube Uterus Ovary Vagina • Purpose: produce hormones, which are chemical messengers of the body that travel in the blood steram • Parts: • Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, testes Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland Thymus Adrenal gland Thyroid and Parathyroid glands Pancreas Ovary Testis • Purpose: Communicates specifically between two parts of the body • Does so by transmitting electrical signals via neurons • Nervous System is in two parts • Central Nervous System (brain, spinal cord) • Peripheral Nervous System (nerves) • Somatic nervous functions require thought or reflexes • Autonomic nervous functions are involuntary/automatic Dendrite Cell body Myelin sheath Axon Node of Ranvier Axon terminals Cerebrum Corpus callosum Thalamus Hypothalamus Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Cerebellum • Purpose: excretion, temperature control, general defense, sensing • Consists of the skin, hair, and nails • Skin • Epidermis • Dermis • Subcutaneous tissue • Hair and nails • Homeostasis is the process where the body keeps internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external conditions • A controlled, stable internal environment • Gains and losses must balance • Control systems • Receptor, control center, effector • Feedback loops • Negative feedback (a.k.a. feedback inhibition) • Positive feedback • Feedback inhibition (negative feedback) – a process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus. • The cellular environment responds to feedback from its own activities by switching on and off as needed. • The part of the brain that works like a thermostat to regulate and maintain many functions of homeostasis is the hypothalamus . • The hypothalamus does this by sending chemical messages that either speed up or slow down cellular activity. Example of positive feedback is lactation. • • • • • • Blood sugar Calcium Temperature Blood pressure Oxygen Water balance • Create a visual product explaining the process of stimulus and response • Focus on homeostasis and feedback inhibition and positive feedback • Also, design an experiment that examines if feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis • Purpose: to determine if a stimulus increase adrenaline in the blood • Independent variable: pre-rated scary scenes • Dependent variable: adrenaline levels in the blood • Study group: 100 x 16 year-olds (50 male, 50 female) • Hypothesis: