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Chordates • Have a notochord at some stage in life. • Have a dorsal tubular nerve cord ( spinal cord) • Have pharyngeal gill slits at some stage in life • Ventral Heart & closed circulatory systems Chordate subphyla • Urochordata- Tunicate sea squirt(Amocetes larvae) • Cephalochordata- Amphioxus or lancelet • hemichordata - acorn worm • Vertebrata- animals with at least some vertebrae of bone or cartilage * 8 classes class skelton heart chambers respiratory body cover limbs Agnatha notochord 2 open gill smooth, unpaired fins Chondrichthyescartilage 2 open gill scales,placoid paired fins Placodermi*** heavy armor plated & jawed Ostiechthyes bone 2 covered gill scales, thin paired fins Amphibia bone 3 gills/lungs/ skin smooth, mucus 4 legs Reptilia bone 4incomplete lungs scales, thick 4 legs Aves hollowbone 4 lungs air sacs feather, scales wings legs Mammalia bone 4 lungs hair 4 limbs AGNATHA • • • • JAWLESS PARASITE NOTOCHORD IS PRIMARY SUPPORT UNPAIRED FINS POILKIOTHERMIC- UNABLE TO MAINTAIN CONSTANT BODY TEMPERATURE • OPEN GILLS • 2 CHAMBERED HEART • ANADROMOUS-RETURN TO FRESH WATER TO SPAWN Agnatha cont. • LATERAL LINE-senses vibrations in water Open Gill Slits Pineal organ Pineal Organ • Senses light –direct migration and mating behavior according to seasonal changes in light Notochord Gill Notochord • Dorsal rod-like support Curved Horny Teeth Round Circular Mouth CHONDRICHTHYES • OVOVIVIPAROUS-BEAR LIVE YOUNG THAT ARE NOURISHED FROM YOLK • SHARKS, RAYS, AND SKATES • 2 CH. HEART, Poilkiothermic • SPIRACLE, OPEN GILLS, • CARTILAGE SKELETON • RECTAL GLAND- REMOVES SALT • OIL CONTENT HIGH FOR BUOYANCY • PLACOID SCALE-TOOTH LIKE Spiracle Gill Slits Spiracle • Takes in water • Gills are open • Flap of skin folds back over but does not close as in body fish Rectal Gland Removes Salt Gill Raker and Lamellae • Raker -removes food and dirt • Lamellae- rremoves oxygen from water and carbon dioxide from bloodgas is exchanged OSTEICHTHYES • OPERCULUM-GILL COVER • BONY SKELETON • SWIM BLADDER-buoyancy • FLAT CTENOID OR CYCLOID SCALES • MOST ARE OVIPAROUS-LAY EGGS Ostiechthyes cont • 2 CHAMBERED HEART • LATERAL LINE-senses vibrations in water • POILKIOTHERMIC To Gills Oxygenated and Deoxygenated is mixed Heart chambers • Atria- collects and pushes blood into ventricle • Ventricle- pumps blood to body or lungs AMPHIBIA • SMOOTH MOIST SKIN, POISON GLANDS & PIGMENT CELLS • TETRAPODS ( MOSTLY) LACK CLAWS • TYMPANUM & VOCAL SACS • LUNGS, GILLS, & CUTANEOUS (SKIN ) BREATHING • 3 CHAMBERED HEART • POIKIOTHERMIC Tympanum • External ear drum • Vocalize during courtship and for establishing a territory REPTILIA • Thick, dry keratinized scales with claws, four limbs • Poilkiotherms( ectotherms) • Amniote eggs- water built inside or ovoviviparous or oviparous • Lungs • Jacobson’s organ-smell or taste • Infared Pit- heat sensation Nictitating Membrane • Second eyelid transparent Four chambers with incomplete septum AVES • Feathers, beak, scales, keeled sternum, hollow bones, synsacrum, fused phalanges- wings, highest metabolism, crop, gizzard, and cloaca. • Amniote Eggs • Four heart chambers • Homeotherm- constant body temp. • Lungs with air sacs Mammalia • • • • • Homeothermic 4 Complete Heart Chambers Hair covers body Mammary Glands Mostly Viviparous- mostly placental Adaptations for survival in Terrestrial Environments Skeleton Respiratory—Gills and cutaneous breathing to Lungs Circulatory– Separation of Heart chambers Sensory- lens, tympanum,touch receptors, Water ConservationAmniote Egg has it’s own water and protection Marsupial and Placental Development – protection, Nourishment, and water. Brain Regions • • • • • Anterior to Posterior Olfactory-smell Cerebrum-thinking, learning Optic- vision Cerebellum-coordination and balance • Medulla-breathing and heart beat regulation Integument- thick keratinized scale, feathers and skin Prevent evaporation Kidneys- kidneys become better able to conserve water by increasing their abilities to reabsorb water and eliminate increasing concentrated or altered nitrogen waste