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Chapter 22
The Chest and Abdomen
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Objectives
• Upon completion of this chapter, you
should be able to:
– Describe the anatomy of the thoracic cavity
– Describe the structures and functions of the
organs of respiration
– Explain the breathing and respiratory process
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Objectives (cont’d.)
• Upon completion of this chapter, you
should be able to (cont’d.):
– Discuss the significance of chest and
abdominal injuries
– List and describe the various injuries
associated with the thoracic cavity
– List and describe the various injuries
associated with the abdominal cavity
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The Respiratory System
• Obtains oxygen for use by body cells
• Eliminates carbon dioxide produced in
cellular respiration
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The Respiratory System (cont’d.)
• Air moves into the lungs through
passageways:
– Nasal cavity
– Pharynx
– Larynx
– Trachea
– Bronchi
– Bronchioles
– Alveoli
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Respiration
• Process by which body supplies cells and
tissues with oxygen for metabolism and
relieves them of carbon dioxide
– External respiration
• Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between
lungs and outside environment
– Internal respiration
• Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between
cells and lymph, plus oxidative process of energy
in cells (cellular respiration)
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Animation - Respiration
Click Here to Play Respiration Animation
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Control of Breathing
• Rate of breathing is controlled by neural
(nervous) and chemical factors
– Same goal but function independently
– Chemical control of respiration depends on
carbon dioxide level in the blood
– Chemoreceptors in carotid arteries and aorta
are sensitive to blood oxygen levels
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Lung Capacity and Volume
• Factors:
– Tidal volume
– Inspiratory reserve volume
– Expiratory reserve volume
– Vital lung capacity
– Residual volume
– Functional residual capacity
– Total lung capacity
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Disorders of the Respiratory
System
• Asthma
– Muscles around airways tighten and airway
lining swells and gets clogged with thick
mucus
• Symptoms: coughing, wheezing, dyspnea
(difficulty in breathing), and chest tightness
• Treatment: varies
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Asthma
Click Here to Play Asthma Animation
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Chest (Thorax) Injuries
• Rib contusions
– Caused by a forceful blow to the ribcage that
bruises intercostal muscle
• Rib fractures
– Break in bony structure of thorax
– Most often the result of a direct blow to the
ribcage
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Chest (Thorax) Injuries (cont’d.)
• Chest contusions
– Bruising over central area of chest
– Results from a compressive, forceful blow to
the body
• Myocardial contusion and aortic rupture
– Occurs if force applied to sternum is great
enough to compress the heart against the
spin
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Chest (Thorax) Injuries (cont’d.)
• Sudden death syndrome
– Usually caused by some form of heart
disease
• Pneumothorax
– Occurs when air enters thoracic cavity
between the chest wall and lung
• Sucking chest wound
• Spontaneous pneumothorax
• Tension pneumothorax
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Chest (Thorax) Injuries (cont’d.)
• Hemopneumothorax
– Can occur with both open and closed chest
injuries
• Often accompanies a pneumothorax
– Blood accumulates in pleural space between
chest wall and lung
• Pulmonary contusion
– Bruise on lung caused by a direct blow
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Chest (Thorax) Injuries (cont’d.)
• Blows to the solar plexus
– “Having the wind knocked out”
• Hyperventilation
– Breathing at a rate faster than required for
proper exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide
• Side stitches
– Occur during vigorous exercises
• Usually with novice exercisers
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Injury Prevention for the Chest
• Begins with proper equipment and
education
– Good, well-maintained, equipment that fits
properly will reduce chance of injury
– At risk athletes should wear additional
protection
– Education and use of proper techniques can
also minimize risk of trauma
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The Abdominopelvic Cavity
• One large cavity, with no separation
between the abdomen and pelvis
– Abdominal cavity contains: stomach, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine,
appendix, and part of the large intestines
• Kidneys are close to but behind abdominal cavity
– Pelvic cavity contains: urinary bladder,
reproductive organs, rectum, remainder of
large intestine, and appendix
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Protection of the Abdominal
Organs
• Abdominal area is vulnerable to injury
– Muscular abdominal wall is most commonly
involved
– Injury to contents of abdominal cavity are
infrequent
• Musculature of abdominal wall provides adequate
protection from most injuries
• Serious injuries to the intra-abdominal contents
occur and can be life threatening
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Organs of the Abdominopelvic
Cavity
• Include:
– Stomach
– Small intestine
– Pancreas
– Liver
– Gallbladder
– Urinary bladder
– Large intestine
• Cecum and Appendix
• Ascending, transverse,
and descending colon
– Kidneys
• Medulla and cortex
• Nephron
• Ureters
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Abdominal Injuries
• Kidney contusion
– Uncommon in athletics
– Occurs with a violent blow to upper posterior
abdominal wall
• Liver contusion
– Uncommon but probable life-threatening
injury
– Occurs with a hard blow to right side of
ribcage
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Abdominal Injuries (cont’d.)
• Spleen injuries
– Treat as medical emergency
– Results from a blow to the left upper
quadrant, lower left ribcage, or left side of the
back
• Hernias
– Protrusion of abdominal tissue through a
portion of the abdominal wall
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Conclusion
• The chest and abdomen contain the
body’s vital organs
– Organs in the chest are protected by the
ribcage
– Chest contains the heart and lungs
– Abdomen contains kidneys, liver, spleen,
stomach, urinary bladder, intestines, among
others
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Conclusion (cont’d.)
• Chest and abdominal injuries are
uncommon in athletics, but do occur
– Most internal organs are very vascular and
can bleed profusely if injured
– Proper recognition and treatment of these
injuries are vital to the health and well-being
of the athlete
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