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Fish Kindgom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Characteristics of all Vertebrates All vertebrates have the following: • Vertebrae surrounds dorsal nerve cords • Cranium/skull • Endoskeleton made of bone or cartilage All vertebrates have bilateral symmetry, endoskeletons, closed circulatory system, nervous system w/complex brain & sensory organs and efficient respiratory systems. Three Types of Fertilization • Oviparous - to lay eggs w/external fertilization w/no parental care after birth • Ovoviviparous-to lay eggs w/internal fertilization w/nourishment from yolk not mother. • Viviparous-to bear live young w/internal fertilization w/nourishment from mother after birth. Characteristics of Fish • Use gills to breath • Two-chambered heart • Reproduce sexually either oviparous or some species viviparous. • External fertilization is called spawning. • Paired fins for balance, swimming, and steering. • Highly develop sensory system – lateral line system used to detect movement and vibrations in the water. • Scales – thin bony plates formed from skin. • Separated vertebrate for flexiblity • Swim bladder – internal sac below backbone used for buoyancy. Class Agnatha • Lampreys & Hagfish which are jawless, have eel-like bodies, no scales, cartilage skeleton & unpaired fins • Hagfish are bottom dwellers eating dead or dying fish, ties body into knots & secretes a bad taste to predators. • Lampreys are both free-living & parasites, scrape holes in the sides of other fish. http://www.gen.umn.edu/research/fish/fishes/I_castaneus.jpg Class Osteichthyes • Bony fish - eels, perch, trout, salmon, guppies, lungfish, coelacanth, herring • Lateral Line – a distinct line that runs down side of most fish. • Characteristics – skeleton made of bone – lungs or gills & swim bladder – scales - cover & protect body Two types of Osteichthyes • Lobe-finned fishfleshy fins • seven species – six are lungfish – one is coelacanth, thought to be extinct http://www.seychelles.net/divesey/images/Coelacanth.jpg Two types of Osteichthyes • Ray finned fish - bony fins called rays • 5 types of fins-see picture • Operculum - gill covering • Oviparous-large number of eggs “spawning” http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/fish_fins.gif Inner Workings of Bony fish • Digestive tract - mouth-pharynx-esophagusstomach-intestines-absorption-anus • Closed circulatory system w/2 chambered heart • Gills for gas exchange & swim bladder for buoyancy. • Use of kidneys to filter blood excrete urine • Brain w/spinal cord – cerebrum-sensory information – cerebullum-motor output – medulla oblongata-involuntary body functions Class Chondrichthyes • Cartilaginous fishsharks, rays, skates • Most are carnivores, some scavengers • Endoskeleton of cartilage • Skin covered w/placoid scales feels like sandpaper • Mostly viviparous Class Chondrichthyes • Sharks have 6-20 rows of teeth • Use well developed sense of smell • Well developed lateral line • Largest brain for their size • Extremely sensitive to electrical fields Amphibians Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Amphibia Class Amphibia • In Greek, amphibian means “double life”. • This class includes frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians http://allaboutfrogs.org/gallery/photos/images/thumbs/lilfrg1.jpg Common Characteristics of Class Amphibia • • • • • Two part life -aquatic larva / terrestrial adult Moist skin w/no scales Webbed, clawless feet (if feet are present) Gills, lungs & skin used for respiration No shells on eggs w/external fertilization, must have moisture for eggs. • Two part function of the skin is for respiration & protection • Ectothermic- gets heat from the environment Amphibian Systems • Adult amphibians have a two-loop circulatory system w/a 3-chambered heart. Tadpoles have a single-loop w/a 2chambered heart. • Kidneys are used to excrete nitrogen waste. • Food passage: pharynx-esophagus-stomachliver-gall bladder-intestines-cloaca • The intestines are held together by the mesentery. Amphibian Senses • Well developed nervous system – Cerebullum- muscular coordination – Cerebrum – behavior & learning – Medulla oblongata – involuntary organ functions • Nictitating membrane is a transparent eye covering • Tympanic membrane is the eardrum. Order Anura • Includes frogs & toads found virtually worldwide • Toads have rough, bumpy skin & live near water • Frogs have smooth, moist skin & live in or near water • The larvae are tadpoles for both. They go through metamorphosis to change. • Oviparous w/external fertilization • Carnivores as adults, herbivores as larvae http://allaboutfrogs.org/gallery/photos/redeyes/giantr.gif http://allaboutfrogs.org/gallery/photos/images/castro.jpg Order Caudata • Salamanders –elongated bodies, long tails, moist skin. • Internal fertilization • Keep tail as adult and are carnivores in both parts of their life cycle • Mudpuppies & axolotl never lose gills & remain in water entire life. http://www.mister-toad.com/photos/salamander/Amaculatummetamorph.jpg Order Apoda • Caecilians – legless amphibians that resemble snakes • Live in tropical regions • All have internal fertilization • Small eyes and are often blind. Photo by Bernhard Schuster of Germany