Download Vertebrates Fishes

Vertebrates
Fishes
-
All fishes are ectotherms
(cold blooded).
- Ectotherms- animals with body
temperatures dependent upon the
temperature of their surroundings.
-
Fish have a two
chambered heart
and breath
through gills.
Different types of
fishes are grouped
into three different
classes:
jawless fishes
cartilaginous fishes
bony fishes
Jawless Fishes
 Jawless fish have endoskeletons made of
cartilage like sharks and types of rays.
 Types of
jawless
fishes are
lampreys
and
hagfishes.
Cartilaginous fishes
 Types of cartilaginous
fishes are sharks,skates
and rays.
 Evidence has proven that
jaws were first evolved in
this type of fish.
- Cartilaginous fish have
endoskeletons made of
cartilage like jawless fish.
- Cartilaginous fish have paired
fins and a lateral line system
that enables them to detect
movement and vibrations in
water.
Bony Fishes
 Most fishes belong to the bony fish class.
 All bony fishes have a bony skeleton, gills, paired
fins, flattened bony scales and a lateral line system.
Bony fishes
breath by
drawing in
water into
their mouth
then passing
it over the
gills where
gas
exchange
occurs.
They adjust
their depth
in the water
by
regulating
the amount
of gas that
diffuses out
of their
blood into
the swim
bladder.
Amphibians
 Amphibians are
ectothermic with three
chambered hearts,
lungs and thin moist
skin.
 Most gas exchange is
carried out through the
skin not the lungs.
 Adult amphibians live
on land but rely on
water for reproduction.
 Amphibians can be
classified into three
orders Anura, Caudata
and Apoda.
 Almost all amphibians
go through the process
of metamorphosis.
 Metamorphosis- which
the young hatch into
tadpoles, then gradually
lose their tails and gills
as they develop legs,
lungs and other adult
structures.
Amphibian Orders
Anura are considered to be
frogs and toads.
Anuras have vocal cords that
can produce a wide range
sounds.
- Frogs have thin, smooth,
moist skin.
- While toads
have thick
bumpy skin
with poison
glands.
Caudata are
considered to
be samanders
and newts.
Salamanders have long,
slender bodies with a neck
and tail.
 Apoda are considered to
be legless caecilians.
 Caecilians have long,
wormlike bodies with no
legs.
Reptiles
- Reptiles are ectotherms
with dry, scaly skin and
clawed toes.
- Types of reptiles are
snakes, lizards, turtles,
crocodiles and alligators.
- All reptiles have four legs
that are positioned
under the
body
except
snakes.
 Most reptiles have a
three chambered
heart except for a
crocodile it has a four
chambered heart.
 The scaly skin of
reptiles reduces the
loss of moisture on
land scales also
prevent the skin from
absorbing or releasing
gas.
Birds
- Birds are the only class of animals to have
feathers.
- Feathers are lightweight, modified scales,
that help insulate birds and enable them to fly.
- They have wings which are modified forelimbs.
- Birds have thin hallow bones with cross braces that
provide support for
- strong flight muscles while reducing
their body weight.
- Birds have a four chambered heart.
- Birds have a unique respiratory system which oxygen
is available through exhalation and inhalation.

-
Birds continued
-Similar to reptiles birds have scales
on their feet and clawed toes.
-Like reptiles birds lay amniotic eggs
but unlike reptiles birds incubate their
eggs in nests.
- The nest keeps the egg warm till the
young birds hatch.
- Unlike reptiles they are endotherms.
- Endotherms- animals that maintain a
constant body temperature.
(warm blooded)
- Endotherms must eat frequently to
provide energy needed for producing
heat.
Mammals
Mammals are endotherms.
Mammals are named after their
mammary glands, which produces milk
to feed their young.
 Most mammals have hair which is used to help
insulate their bodies and sweat glands that help
keep them cool.
 Mammals need a high energy level for
maintaining body temperature and high
speeds of locomotion.
 Mammals have an efficient four
chambered heart and a muscular diaphragm
beneath the lungs to help deliver oxygen for
their activities.
Mammals continued
All mammals have internal fertilization and the young begin
development inside the mothers uterus.
Monotremes
Mammals that lay
eggs instead of
giving birth to live
young like other
mammals.
Found in Australia
and New Guinea.
Ex. Platypus,
Spiny Anteaters
Marsupials
Placental
Mammals in which the
young complete a
second stage of
development after birth
in a pouch.
It is made of skin and
hair on the outside of
the mothers body.
Mammals that carry
their young inside
the uterus until
development is
nearly complete.
Ex. Koalas,
Kangaroos,
Possums,
Tasmanian
Devil
Ex. bison, humans,
elephants, wolves,
Cats, squirrels, bats

Mammals can also be classified by
their teeth, how many they have and
type.
Types of teeth are incisors, canines, molars
and premolars.
Incisors are used to cut food.
Canines are long pointed teeth used to stab
or hold food.
Molars or premolars have flat surfaces with
ridges and are used to rind and chew food.