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Chapter 5
Your Body Systems
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Chapter 5
Your Body Systems
Lessons
• Lesson 1 Body Organization
• Lesson 2 The Nervous System
• Lesson 3 The Endocrine System
• Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
• Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
• Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
• Lesson 7 Caring for Your Body
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Chapter 5
Lesson 1 Body Organization
Bellringer
List as many organs in your body as you can.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 1 Body Organization
Objectives
•
Describe how cells, tissues, and organs work
together in the human body.
•
Summarize how body systems work together.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 1 Body Organization
Start Off Write
Name as many body systems as you can.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 1 Body Organization
From Cells to Systems
•
Cells Cells are the simplest and most basic units of
all living organisms.
•
Tissues A group of cells that look alike and work
together to perform a single function is called a
tissue.
•
Organs Two or more tissues that work together to
perform a special function are called an organ.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 1 Body Organization
From Cells to Systems
•
Body Systems A group of organs that work
together for one purpose is called a body system.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 1 Body Organization
Your body is made of cells. These cells are arranged
into tissues, organs, and body systems.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 1 Body Organization
Body Systems Work Together
•
Specific Functions Each one of your body
systems is made of organs that work together to
perform specific functions for your body.
•
Depending on Each Other Body systems depend
on each other to perform their functions properly.
When the body systems work together properly,
they keep the body alive and healthy.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 1 Body Organization
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Chapter 5
Lesson 2 The Nervous System
Bellringer
Write a short paragraph about how a policeman
directs traffic.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 2 The Nervous System
Objectives
•
Describe the different parts of the nervous system.
•
Describe seven common problems of the nervous
system.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 2 The Nervous System
Start Off Write
What does the nervous system do?
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Chapter 5
Lesson 2 The Nervous System
Mission Control
•
What Does the Nervous System Do? Your
nervous system regulates all of your body’s
functions and activities at the same time.
•
Parts of Your Nervous System Your nervous
system is composed of your brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sensory organs, such as your eyes,
ears, and the taste buds on your tongue.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 2 The Nervous System
Your nervous
system allows you
to perform many
tasks at once
without having to
think too much
about any one of
them.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 2 The Nervous System
Your Brain
•
What Is Your Brain? Your brain is the mass of
nervous tissue that is located inside your skull.
•
Parts of the Brain The brain consists of three
parts:
1. the cerebrum
2. the cerebellum
3. the brainstem
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Chapter 5
Lesson 2 The Nervous System
Different parts of your brain control different body
functions. The pink, purple, teal, and green areas are
all parts of the cerebrum.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 2 The Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
•
Parts of the Central Nervous System The central
nervous system, or CNS, includes your brain and
spinal cord.
•
What Is the Spinal Cord? The spinal cord is a
bundle of nervous tissue that is about a foot and a
half long and is surrounded by your backbone. The
major function of the spinal cord is to relay
impulses between the brain and different parts of
the body.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 2 The Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
•
Parts of the Central Nervous System The
peripheral nervous system, or PNS, is composed of
nerves that connect all parts of your body to the
central nervous system.
•
What Is a Nerve? A nerve is a bundle of cells that
conducts electrical signals through the body.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 2 The Nervous System
The CNS (in
orange) acts as the
control center for
your body. The
PNS (in purple)
carries information
to and from the
CNS.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 2 The Nervous System
Common Problems of the Nervous System
•
System Malfunction If any part of the nervous
system does not function properly, the body may
experience serious problems. The table on the next
slide lists some of these problems.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 2 The Nervous System
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Chapter 5
Lesson 3 The Endocrine System
Bellringer
Write a paragraph that describes how your body
responds when you become excited.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 3 The Endocrine System
Objectives
•
Identify the different glands of the endocrine
system.
•
Explain how hormones affect growth and
development.
•
Describe four common problems of the endocrine
system.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 3 The Endocrine System
Start Off Write
List some factors that could affect your growth.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 3 The Endocrine System
Grow, Fight, or Flee
•
What Does the Endocrine System Do? The
endocrine system is composed of tissues and
organs throughout the body that make and release
hormones.
•
What Are Hormones? Hormones are chemicals
that travel in the blood and cause changes in
different parts of the body.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 3 The Endocrine System
Your Glands
•
What Is a Gland? A tissue or group of tissues that
makes and releases chemicals is called a gland.
Endocrine glands make hormones.
•
Some Endocrine Glands The names and some of
the functions of your endocrine glands are shown
on the next slide.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 3 The Endocrine System
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Chapter 5
Lesson 3 The Endocrine System
Your Hormones
•
The Release of Hormones Your hormones control
many functions of your body. Your body makes and
releases different amounts of hormones at different
times of the day, at different times of the month,
and at different times in your life.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 3 The Endocrine System
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Chapter 5
Lesson 3 The Endocrine System
Common Problems of the Endocrine System
•
Correct Amount of Hormones Problems with the
amount of hormones can interfere with the normal
structure and function of the body. The next slide
describes some of these problems.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 3 The Endocrine System
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Chapter 5
Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Bellringer
Make a guess about the number of bones and muscles
that you have in your body.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Objectives
•
Identify the different bones and joints in the
skeleton.
•
Describe eight common problems of the skeletal
system.
•
Identify the three types of muscle.
•
Explain how muscles move the body.
•
Describe six common problems of the muscular
system.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Start Off Write
What do muscles do?
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Chapter 5
Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Your Skeleton: Your Body’s Framework
•
Body Structure and Support Your skeleton is the
framework for your body. The bones that make up
your skeletal system support your body.
•
Two Types of Bones Your bones are made of two
types of bone tissue. Compact bone is dense bone
tissue found on the outside of all bones. Spongy
bone is bone tissue that has many air spaces.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
In children, red marrow fills the center of long bones.
It is replaced with yellow marrow by adulthood.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
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Chapter 5
Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Joints
•
What Is a Joint? A place in the body where two or
more bones connect is a joint.
•
Joint Classification Joints can be classified by
how the bones move. Common joints are fixed
joints, hinged joints, and ball-and-socket joints.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Common Skeletal and Joint Problems
•
Fractures, Tears, and More Injuries can cause
many problems for bones or joints. The skeletal
system can also develop problems as a result of
aging or poor diet. The table on the next slide lists
and describes some common problems of the
skeletal system.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
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Chapter 5
Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Types of Muscle
•
Smooth Muscle Smooth muscle makes up many
of your internal organs, including your stomach and
intestines.
•
Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscle is the muscle
found in the heart.
•
Skeletal Muscle The muscle that is attached to the
bones is called skeletal muscle.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
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Chapter 5
Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
How Muscles Make You Move
•
Flexing When muscles contract, they can only pull
the bones, not push them. To bend, or flex, the arm
at the elbow, the biceps muscle contracts.
•
Extending To straighten, or extend, the arm, the
triceps muscle has to contract. When the triceps
contracts, it pulls the bones of the forearm away
from the biceps.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
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Chapter 5
Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Common Muscular Problems
•
Preventing Problems To prevent muscle injuries,
you should warm up, cool down, and stretch when
exercising. The next slide describes some common
problems of the muscular system.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
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Chapter 5
Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
Bellringer
What are the different symptoms that you may have
when your food isn’t digested properly?
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Chapter 5
Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
Objectives
•
Describe how the human body digests food and
absorbs nutrients.
•
Describe eight common problems of the digestive
system.
•
Explain how the human body excretes waste.
•
Describe four common problems of the excretory
system.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
Start Off Write
What is the importance of chewing your food?
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Chapter 5
Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
Digestion: From Food to Energy
•
Your Digestive System The group of organs and
glands that work together to physically and
chemically break down, or digest, food is the
digestive system.
•
Nutrients After digestion, the nutrients are
absorbed into the blood and carried to all the cells
of the body.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
The Journey of Food
•
Your Mouth Digestion begins in the mouth when
you chew your food.
•
Your Stomach In the stomach, the food particles
are mixed with acidic stomach juices.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
The Journey of Food
•
Your Small Intestine After a few hours, food
leaves your stomach and enters your small
intestine. Most chemical digestion and absorption
happen in the small intestine.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
How the Body Absorbs Nutrients
•
Absorption in the Small Intestine Digested
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are absorbed in
the small intestine. The nutrients are then carried in
the blood to the rest of the body.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
The villi in the small
intestine are lined with
tiny blood vessels.
Nutrients pass from
the intestine to these
blood vessels.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
Common Digestive Problems
•
Stomach Acid and More Improper chewing of
foods, gulping food when you eat, or too much acid
in the stomach can all lead to problems with
digestion and with the digestive organs.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
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Chapter 5
Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
Excretion: Removing Liquid Waste
•
Your Urinary System The urinary system is a
group of organs that work together to remove liquid
wastes from the blood.
•
Other Organs of Excretion Your skin and lungs
are other organs that excrete liquid wastes.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
Filtering Blood
•
Your Kidneys Your kidneys clean your blood. They
also help regulate the amount of water in your
body.
•
The Nephrons The nephrons in the kidneys
remove the wastes from the blood through a
process called filtration.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
Common Problems of the Urinary System
•
Build-Up of Wastes If the urinary system cannot
perform its functions, waste products can build up
in the blood. This buildup can lead to lifethreatening conditions.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
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Chapter 5
Lesson 6 The Circulatory and
Respiratory Systems
Bellringer
List all of the different things that you can think of that
circulate. These items can be both inside and outside
of your body.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems
Objectives
•
Describe how the circulatory system transports
and distributes nutrients.
•
Describe seven common problems of the
circulatory system.
•
Describe the process of breathing.
•
Describe six common problems of the respiratory
system.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 6 The Circulatory and
Respiratory Systems
Start Off Write
What does the heart do?
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Chapter 5
Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems
Circulation: All Aboard!
•
Your Circulatory System The major function of
the circulatory system is to transport nutrients and
gases to different parts of the body where they can
be used by the cells.
•
Your Heart and Blood Vessels Every beat of your
heart pushes blood through your body and back to
the heart. Your blood vessels are like pipes through
which the blood flows.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 6 The Circulatory and
Respiratory Systems
Your heart is a
four-chambered
organ that pumps
blood through the
body.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems
What Is Blood?
•
Liquids and Solids Your blood contains the
following materials:
1. Plasma
2. Platelets
3. Red blood cells
4. White blood cells
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Chapter 5
Lesson 6 The Circulatory and
Respiratory Systems
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Chapter 5
Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems
Supply Lines
•
Arteries Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood
away from the heart.
•
Veins The vessels that return blood to the heart are
called veins.
•
Capillaries The microscopic blood vessels of the
body that link the arteries and veins are called
capillaries.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems
The Flow of Blood Through the Body
•
The right ventricle pumps oxygen-poor blood into
the two pulmonary arteries.
•
In the lungs, blood receives oxygen and releases
carbon dioxide. Oxygen-rich blood travels through
the four pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
continued on next slide
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Chapter 5
Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems
The Flow of Blood Through the Body
•
The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood from the left
ventricle into the aorta. From the aorta, blood flows
into the arteries and then into the capillaries.
•
As blood travels through the capillaries, it carries
oxygen, nutrients, and water to the cells. At the
same time, waste materials and carbon dioxide are
carried away.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems
Common Circulatory Problems
•
A Vital System The circulatory system is vital to
the health of the body’s cells. If cells do not get the
oxygen and nutrients they need, they will die. If
wastes are not removed from the cells, the cells will
die.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems
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Chapter 5
Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems
The Respiratory System: Why You Breathe
•
Your Respiratory System The respiratory system
is the body system that brings oxygen into the body
and removes carbon dioxide from the body.
•
Your Lungs The lungs are large, sponge-like
organs in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are
passed between the blood and the environment.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 6 The Circulatory and
Respiratory Systems
Air moves into and
out of the body
through the
respiratory system.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems
How You Breathe
•
Your Diaphragm The movement of air into and out
of the lungs is caused by movement of the
diaphragm. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped
muscle beneath the lungs.
•
Inhaling and Exhaling When the diaphragm and
the muscles between the ribs contract, air enters
the lungs. Air leaves the lungs when the same
muscles relax.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems
The Process of Breathing
•
Inhalation happens as the diaphragm contracts and
drops, which causes the lungs to fill with air.
•
Red blood cells pick up the oxygen from the
alveolus. Then, the red blood cells release carbon
dioxide into the alveolus.
continued on next slide
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Chapter 5
Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems
The Process of Breathing
•
Tissues and cells pick up oxygen from the
bloodstream and release carbon dioxide and waste
gases into the bloodstream.
•
The blood travels back to the lungs, where it
exchanges the waste gases for oxygen.
•
Exhalation happens as the diaphragm relaxes and
rises, which forces air out of the lungs.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems
Common Respiratory Problems
•
Protecting Your Respiratory System Your
respiratory system helps protect you from harmful
materials in the air. One way to help protect your
respiratory system is to avoid smoking tobacco and
using drugs.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory
Systems
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Chapter 5
Lesson 7 Caring for Your Body
Bellringer
Identify some common habits that contribute to poor
health, and some habits that are good for your health.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 7 Caring for Your Body
Objectives
•
Explain how the health of body systems affects
total physical health.
•
Describe six ways to protect the body systems
from harm.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 7 Caring for Your Body
Start Off Write
List some healthy habits that help protect your body
systems.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 7 Caring for Your Body
Body Systems and Total Health
•
•
Working Together Each system in your body
depends on the other systems to maintain your
overall health. If one system fails, the functioning of
the other body systems is affected.
Protect Your Systems Protecting your body
systems is important to maintaining your health. By
learning to make good health decisions now, you
can protect your health for years to come.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 7 Caring for Your Body
Staying Healthy
•
The following list contains some tips for staying
healthy:
1. Eat a healthy, well-balanced diet.
2. Drink lots of water every day.
3. Get enough exercise.
4. Wear proper safety equipment when playing
sports, riding a bicycle, or working with tools.
5. Avoid alcohol, illegal drugs, and tobacco.
6. Visit your doctor regularly.
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Brain Food Video Quiz
Click below to watch the Brain Food Video Quiz that
accompanies this chapter.
Brain Food Video Quiz
You may stop the video at any time by pressing
the Esc key.
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Chapter 5
Lesson 1 Body Organization
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Chapter 5
Lesson 1 Body Organization
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Chapter 5
Lesson 2 The Nervous System
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Chapter 5
Lesson 2 The Nervous System
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Chapter 5
Lesson 2 The Nervous System
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Chapter 5
Lesson 2 The Nervous System
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Chapter 5
Lesson 3 The Endocrine System
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Chapter 5
Lesson 3 The Endocrine System
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Chapter 5
Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
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Chapter 5
Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
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Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
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Lesson 4 The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
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Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
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Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
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Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
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Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
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Lesson 5 The Digestive and Urinary Systems
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Lesson 6 The Circulatory and
Respiratory Systems
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Lesson 6 The Circulatory and
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Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory
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Lesson 6 The Circulatory and
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Lesson 6 The Circulatory and Respiratory
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Quotes About Character
“If you stand straight, do not fear a crooked
shadow.”
—Chinese Proverb
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Quotes About Character
“One falsehood spoils a thousand truths.”
—African Proverb
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Quotes About Character
“A man cannot be comfortable without his
own approval.”
—Mark Twain
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Quotes About Character
“Our reverence is good for nothing if it does
not begin with self-respect.”
—Oliver Wendell Holmes
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Quotes About Character
“When the character of a man is not clear to
you, look at his friends.”
—Japanese Proverb
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Quotes About Character
“What lies behind us and what lies before
us are small matters compared to what lies
within us.”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson
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Quotes About Character
“A good name, like good will, is got by
many actions and lost by one.”
—Lord Jeffrey
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Quotes About Character
“To enjoy the things we ought and to hate
the things we ought has the greatest
bearing on excellence of character.”
—Aristotle
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Quotes About Character
“He that respects himself is safe from
others; He wears a coat of mail that none
can pierce.”
—Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
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Quotes About Character
“The reputation of a thousand years may be
determined by the conduct of one hour.”
—Japanese Proverb
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Quotes About Character
“Dreams are the touchstones of our
character.”
—Henry David Thoreau
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Quotes About Character
“A man’s character is his fate.”
—Heraclitus
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Quotes About Character
“Character is that which reveals moral
purpose, exposing the class of things a
man chooses and avoids.”
—Aristotle
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Quotes About Character
“What you do speaks so loud that I cannot
hear what you say.”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson
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Quotes About Character
“Abstinence is the surety of temperance.”
—Plato
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Quotes About Character
“This above all, to thine own self be
true/And it must follow, as the night the day/
Thou canst not then be false to any man.”
—William Shakespeare
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Quotes About Character
“No change of circumstances can repair a
defect of character .”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson
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Quotes About Character
“Men acquire a particular quality by
constantly acting a particular way . . . you
become just by performing just actions,
temperate by performing temperate actions,
brave by performing brave actions.”
—Aristotle
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Quotes About Character
“The way to gain a good reputation is to
endeavor to be what you desire to appear.”
—Socrates
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Quotes About Character
“Do what you know and perception is
converted into character.”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson
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Quotes About Character
“Rather fail with honor than succeed by
fraud.”
—Sophocles
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Quotes About Character
“Character is higher than intellect.”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson
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Quotes About Character
“To know what is right and not do it is the
worst cowardice.”
—Confucius
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Quotes About Character
“It takes less time to do a thing right, than it
does to explain why you did it wrong.”
—Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
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Quotes About Character
“Nature magically suits a man to his
fortunes, by making them the fruit of his
character.”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson
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Quotes About Character
“That soul that can be honest is the only
perfect man.”
—John Fletcher
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Quotes About Character
“One does evil enough when one does
nothing good.”
—German Proverb
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Quotes About Character
“There is no pillow so soft as a clear
conscience.”
—French Proverb
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“Don't forget to love yourself.”
—Soren Kierkegaard
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“Character is the indelible mark that
determines the only true value of all people
and all their work.”
—Orison Swett Marden
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Quotes About Character
“What we think or what we believe is, in the
end, of little consequence. The only thing of
consequence is what we do.”
—John Ruskin
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Quotes About Character
“Fame is vapor, popularity an accident,
riches take wing, and only character
endures.”
—Horace Greeley
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Quotes About Character
“You can easily judge the character of a
man by how he treats those who can do
nothing for him.”
—James D. Miles
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Quotes About Character
“Right is right, even if everyone is against
it; and wrong is wrong, even if everyone is
for it.”
—William Penn
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Quotes About Character
“Our deeds determine us, as much as we
determine our deeds.”
—George Eliot
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Quotes About Character
“Character is the result of two things:
mental attitude and the way we spend our
time.”
—Elbert Hubbard
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“A man without character is like a ship
without a rudder.”
—Karl G. Maeser
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“Character is much easier kept than
recovered.”
—Thomas Paine
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“Character is power.”
—Booker T. Washington
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Quotes About Character
“An individual step in character training is
to put responsibility on the individual.”
—Robert Baden-Powell
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Quotes About Character
“Character is a by-product; it is produced in
the great manufacture of daily duty.”
—Woodrow T. Wilson
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