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Circulatory Circulatory System Function: • Pickup & delivery system • Pick up wastes (carbon dioxide) from cells; deliver nutrients (oxygen) to cells Components: • Heart (fist-sized pump) • Blood Vessels Cardio- = heart • Cardiologist = heart specialist Heart Structure: Four Chambers: • Atria = 2 upper chambers • Ventricles = 2 lower chambers • Valves = flaps that keep blood flowing in 1 direction • Semilunar valves = lead out of heart • Septum = wall that separates 2 sides of heart Heart Sounds: • “Lub dup” – sound of valves closing • Initial sound = closing of bicuspid & tricuspid valves • Second sound = semilunar valves closing Heart Sounds: • Murmur = blood flowing backward through heart when valves don’t close tightly Blood Vessels: • Arteries (carry blood away from heart) • Veins (carry blood to heart) • Capillaries (tiniest blood vessels/where diffusion occurs) Arteries • • • • Aorta = largest artery Carry blood away from heart Carry blood under high pressure Round in shape w/ thick muscular walls – buried deep w/in body Veins • • • • • Vena Cava = largest vein Carry blood to heart Carry blood under low pressure Flat in shape & have little muscle Many 1-way valves to keep blood flowing in 1 direction – toward heart Veins Continued: • Varicose Veins = faulty valves in leg veins – blood pools in veins, causing them to bulge. “spider veins” Capillaries: • Smallest blood vessels – connect arteries to veins • 1 cell thick • Pickup & delivery (diffusion) occurs here Right Side • Deoxygenated blood (pumps blood to lungs) Left Side • Oxygenated blood (pumps blood to body cells) Pulse • Pulse = heart rate • Avg. = 60-80 beats/min. • Taken at radial (wrist) or carotid (neck) artery Blood Pressure (BP) • Force that blood exerts on the walls of an artery • Systolic pressure/diastolic pressure • Ventricles contracting/ventricles relaxing • 110-140/65-90 mm Hg = normal • 120/80 mm Hg = average BP • Increases gradually as we age • Sphygmomanometer = cuff, bulb, gauge • Stethoscope = used to transmit & amplify bodily sounds Hypotension vs. Hypertension • Hypertension = high BP (hyper- = over, above) • “Silent killer” • Arteries too narrow for easy blood flow, damages organs • Control: low salt diet, exercise (weight loss), meds. Hypertension vs. Hypotension • Hypotension = low BP (hypo- = low) Pacemaker • Specialized cardiac muscle cells buried deep within wall of right atrium • Generate electrical impulse and cause heart to contract • Defective? Heart will beat irregularly or stop altogether unless you receive an electronic pacemaker Circulatory Disorders/Treatments: • Arterioschlerosis = aging process that stiffens artery walls • Atheroschlerosis = cholesterol deposits build up on artery walls, narrowing them • Both terms referred to as “hardening of the arteries” • Angina = chest pains • Coronary arteries = supply heart w/ oxygen Circulatory Disorders/Treatments: • Heart attack = death of part of heart muscle due to lack of oxygen “myocardial infarction” • Fibrillation = very fast and irregular heart rate • Defibrillation = applying electrical shock to heart to restore normal rhythym Circulatory Disorders/Treatments: • Angioplasty = “balloon surgery” • Inserting deflated balloon into blocked vessel & inflating it to push cholesterol deposits against artery walls – not a cure – must be repeated Circulatory Disorders/Treatments: • Bypass surgery = detour • Another vessel (usually a leg vein) is sewn in above & below point of blockage • Sketch on whiteboard • Double, triple, quadruple Circulatory Disorders/Treatments: • • • • Stroke = blood clot to brain Blood clot = tangled mesh of blood cells Thrombus = blood clot Embolus = traveling blood clot Circulatory Disorders/Treatments: • Heart transplant = possibility of rejection • Artificial heart = plastic/metal pump; advantages: always available, not rejected by body; disadvantages: large power source must be carried outside body • Artificial heart is used to keep person alive until donor heart becomes available.