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Smoking Tobacco Chapter 13 History of Tobacco Tobacco - Nicotiana Tabacum and Nicotiana Rustica ► Smoking practiced among the early Mayas, probably in the district of Tabasco, Mexico, as part of their religious ceremonies 86-161 AD ► Europeans first exposure from Columbus 1492 ► 2Spread throughout Europe during the 1500-1600s ► By Elizabethan times addictive potential was apparent ► 1633 Turkish Sultan mandated death to smokers ► Late 1800s cigarette smoking became popular ► Link to cancer established during 1960s ► Tobacco – Drug Administration ► The active psychotropic drug in tobacco is nicotine ► Nicotine is an acetylcholine agonist ► Nicotine in tobacco can be administered into the blood stream via, eating, snorting, contact w/mucous membranes and SMOKING ► Smoking is the most common route of administration Pipes Cigars Cigarettes Smoking and the Respiratory System The Respiratory System ► Air the flows in through nasal passages pharynx larynx trachea bronchi and bronchioles ► Smoke is drawn through the mouth and into the respiratory system The Respiratory System ► Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract to increase volume of chest. ► Resulting loss in pressure causes air to flow in The Respiratory System ► Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli ► Alveolus A tiny, thinwalled, capillary-rich sac in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. In this sense, also called air sac. The Respiratory System - Gas Exchange ► Bubbles with thin skin ► Diffusion pressure leads carbon dioxide to move from the blood and oxygen into the blood. Smoking and Disease ► Cardiovascular Disease ► Cancer ► Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ► A Host of Other Fun Stuff Cardiovascular Disease ► Primary cause of smoking related deaths ► Smoking leads to a relative risk of 2.0 for CVD ► Speeds plaque formation (Atherosclerosis) ► Nicotine increase cardiovascular strain Cancer ► Lung, lip, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, pancreas, esophagus, pancreas, larynx, trachea, bladder and kidney ► 9.0 relative risk for smoking and cancer ► Primary contributor to lung cancer deaths ► Cigarettes contain at least 43 distinct cancer-causing chemicals. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ► COPD Emphysema Chronic Bronchitis ► Frequently coexist, thus physicians prefer the term COPD ► Fourth leading cause of death in the U.S. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ► Approx. 80 to 90 % of COPD cases are caused by smoking ► Relative risk = 10.0 Chronic Bronchitis ► Chronic bronchitis is an inflammation and eventual scarring of the lining of the bronchial tubes. ► An estimated 14 million people suffer from chronic bronchitis, the seventh leading chronic condition in America. Chronic Bronchitis ► Symptoms of chronic bronchitis include: chronic cough, increased mucus frequent clearing of the throat shortness of breath. Emphysema ► Emphysema causes irreversible lung damage. The walls between the air sacs within the lungs lose their ability to stretch and recoil. They become weakened and break. ► Elasticity of the lung tissue is lost, causing air to be trapped in the air sacs and impairing the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Emphysema ► Symptoms of emphysema include cough, shortness of breath and a limited exercise tolerance. ► Diagnosis is made by pulmonary function tests, along with the patient's history, examination and other tests.