Download MB_40_win

How to Use This Presentation
• To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects
select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.”
• To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow
key or the space bar.
• From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a
presentation for that resource.
• From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go
directly to that lesson’s presentation.
• You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing
the Esc key.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Transparencies
Visual Concepts
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Amphibians
Table of Contents
Section 1 Origin and Evolution of Amphibians
Section 2 Characteristics of Amphibians
Section 3 Reproduction in Amphibians
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 1 Origin and Evolution of
Amphibians
Objectives
• Describe the three preadaptations involved in the
transition from aquatic to terrestrial life.
• Describe two similarities between amphibians and
lobe-finned fishes.
• List five characteristics of living amphibians.
• Name the three orders of living amphibians, and give
an example of each.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 1 Origin and Evolution of
Amphibians
Adaptation to Land
• Preadaptations - are adaptations in an ancestral
group that allow a shift to new functions which
are later favored by natural selection.
Lobe-finned fishes had several preadaptations that
allowed them to transition to life on land.
•
•
•
•
•
bone structure
pouches in digestive tracts for gas exchange
nostrils
higher metabolism
efficient hearts
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 1 Origin and Evolution of
Amphibians
From Fin to Limb
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 1 Origin and Evolution of
Amphibians
Adaptation to Land, continued
Characteristics of Early Amphibians
Amphibians and lobe-finned fishes share many anatomical
similarities, including:
• similar skull
• similar vertebral column
• similar bone structure in fins and limbs
• early amphibians had a large tail fin and lateral line canals
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 1 Origin and Evolution of
Amphibians
Characteristics of Early Amphibians
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 1 Origin and Evolution of
Amphibians
Adaptation to Land, continued
Diversification of Amphibians
• About 300 million years ago amphibians split into
two main evolutionary lines.
• One line included ancestors of reptiles, the other
line included the ancestors of modern
amphibians.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 1 Origin and Evolution of
Amphibians
Adaptation to Land, continued
Diversification of Amphibians
Today there are about 4,500 species of amphibians
belonging to three orders:
• Anura - includes frogs and toads
• Caudata - includes salamanders and newts
• Gymnophiona - includes caecilians (legless
tropical amphibians)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 1 Origin and Evolution of
Amphibians
Modern Amphibians
Modern amphibians share several key characteristics
• Most change from an aquatic larval stage to a terrestrial
adult form, in a transformation called metamorphosis.
• Most have moist, thin skin with no scales.
• Feet, if present, lack claws and often are webbed.
• Most use gills, lungs, and skin in respiration.
• Eggs lack multicellular membranes or shells, are usually
laid in water, and are usually fertilized externally.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 1 Origin and Evolution of
Amphibians
Characteristics of Amphibians
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 1 Origin and Evolution of
Amphibians
Modern Amphibians, continued
Order Anura
• Order includes frogs and toads.
• Members may be fully aquatic, fully terrestrial, or
amphibious.
• Most reproduce in water, laying eggs that hatch into
swimming larvae called tadpoles.
• Larvae are herbivores. Adults are carnivorous and
will eat any animal they can capture.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 1 Origin and Evolution of
Amphibians
Modern Amphibians, continued
Order Caudata
• Includes salamanders (may also be called newts).
• Members may be fully aquatic, fully terrestrial, or
amphibious.
• Many reproduce in water. Some reproduce on
land, with no swimming larval stage.
• Larvae and adults are carnivorous.
• Some have no lungs, and respire through their
skin only.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 1 Origin and Evolution of
Amphibians
Modern Amphibians, continued
Order Gymnophiona
• Includes caecilians (legless amphibians that
resemble small snakes).
• Most are burrowing. They have small eyes
beneath skin or bone, and are often blind.
• All are carnivorous.
• All are thought to have internal fertilization.
• Some lay eggs which the female guards, others
develop inside the female.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 1 Origin and Evolution of
Amphibians
Phylogenetic Diagram of Amphibians
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 1 Origin and Evolution of
Amphibians
Types of Amphibians
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Objectives
• Relate the structure of amphibian skin to the types of habitats in
which amphibians can survive.
• Identify three adaptations for life on land shown by the skeleton
of a frog.
• Sequence the flow of blood through an amphibian’s heart.
• Describe how a frog fills its lungs with air.
• Describe the digestive and excretory systems of amphibians.
• Discuss an amphibian’s nervous system.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Skin
Amphibian skin serves two important functions:
• Respiration - The skin is permeable to gases and
water. Mucous glands secrete a lubricant that
keeps the skin moist in air.
• Protection - The skin protects amphibians from
infection and secretes a foul-tasting or poisonous
mucus that protects amphibians from predators.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
External Structure
of a Frog
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Skeleton
A strong skeleton supports the body of amphibians
against the force of gravity.
• Vertebrae interlock to form a strong, rigid structure.
• Strong limbs assist with standing and walking.
• Pectoral and pelvic girdles transfer weight to the
limbs.
• Skeletons of frogs are specialized for jumping
and landing.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Skeleton, continued
•
Fused bones add strength to the
forelimbs and hind limbs.
•
Thick arm bones and pectoral
girdle absorb shock of landing.
•
Long hind legs allow frogs to
jump farther.
•
Lengthened pelvic girdle and
fused vertebrae add support.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Circulatory System
The circulatory system is divided into two loops.
• Pulmonary circulation - carries deoxygenated
blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the
heart.
• Systemic circulation - carries oxygenated blood
from the heart to the body and back to the heart.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Circulatory System, continued
Three chambered heart:
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Amphibian Heart Structure
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Frog Heart and Double-Loop Circulation
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Respiration
Amphibians use two forms of respiration
• Pulmonary respiration - respiration through the
lungs
• Cutaneous respiration - respiration through the
skin
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Respiration, continued
Amphibians use positive pressure breathing, shown below.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Amphibian Lung Structure
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Respiration in Amphibians
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Digestive System
• Includes the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver,
gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, and cloaca.
• The upper part of the small intestine is called the
duodenum.
• The coiled middle portion of the small intestine is the ileum.
• A membrane that holds the small intestine in place is called
the mesentery.
• Waste materials are stored in the cloaca and exit the body
through the vent.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Digestive System, continued
Accessory Glands
• The liver produces bile, which is stored in the
gallbladder and helps break down fat.
• The pancreas secretes enzymes that help break
down food into particles that can be absorbed by
the blood.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Internal Structure of a Frog
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Excretory System
• The kidneys are the primary excretory organ, and
filter nitrogenous wastes from the blood.
• Wastes combined with water are known as urine.
• Urine flows from the kidneys to the cloaca and
then to the urinary bladder, which branches off
the cloaca.
• Nitrogenous wastes are converted from ammonia
to urea, which is highly concentrated and helps
conserve water.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Nervous System
• The olfactory lobes are larger
in amphibians than in fish.
• The cerebrum is responsible
for behavior and learning.
• The optic lobes process
information from the eyes.
• The cerebellum is responsible
for muscular coordination.
• The medulla oblongata
controls heart rate and
respiration rate.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Nervous System
Sense Organs -
• Larvae have a lateral line, most adults do not.
• The eyes are covered by a nictitating membrane, a
transparent moveable membrane that protects the eye.
• Sound is detected by the inner ear.
• Sounds are transmitted to the inner ear by the
tympanic membrane, or eardrum, and the columella, a
small bone that extends between the tympanic
membrane and the inner ear.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Anatomy of a Frog
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 2 Characteristics of
Amphibians
Anatomy of a Frog (part 2)
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 3 Reproduction in
Amphibians
Objectives
• Explain how a male frog attracts a female of the
same species.
• Discuss the reproductive system of a frog.
• Describe the life cycle of a frog.
• Describe the changes that occur during
metamorphosis in frogs.
• Identify two examples of parental care in
amphibians.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 3 Reproduction in
Amphibians
Courtship and Fertilization
• Males attract females with a mating call.
• Females only respond to males of the same
species.
• The male clings to the female in an embrace
called amplexus.
• Eggs and sperm are released into the water.
• Fertilization is external.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 3 Reproduction in
Amphibians
Courtship and Fertilization, continued
Reproductive system
• Male - includes two bean-shaped testes located
near the kidneys that produce sperm during the
breeding season.
• Female - includes a pair of large ovaries
containing thousands of tiny immature eggs.
During the breeding season the eggs mature.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 3 Reproduction in
Amphibians
Life Cycle
• When the eggs hatch, a tadpole is released.
• The tadpole grows and slowly changes from an aquatic
larva into an adult in a process called metamorphosis.
• Metamorphosis is controlled by a hormone called
thyroxine.
• Some amphibians do not produce thyroxine and remain
in the larval stage their entire life.
• Some amphibians do not have a larval stage and hatch
from the egg as small versions of the adult.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 3 Reproduction in
Amphibians
Life Cycle
of a Frog
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 3 Reproduction in
Amphibians
Amphibian Life Cycle
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Section 3 Reproduction in
Amphibians
Parental Care
Parental care increases the likelihood that the offspring
will survive.
• Some species guard their eggs until they hatch.
• Some species sit on their eggs to prevent them from
drying out.
• The male Darwin’s frog carries the eggs in his vocal
sacs until the larvae finish metamorphosis.
• Female gastric brooding frogs swallow their eggs and
the larvae mature in the stomach.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. The forelimbs of vertebrates evolved from which
structures in lobe-finned fishes?
A. anal fin
B. pelvic fin
C. pectoral fins
D. pectoral girdle
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. The forelimbs of vertebrates evolved from which
structures in lobe-finned fishes?
A. anal fin
B. pelvic fin
C. pectoral fins
D. pectoral girdle
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Amphibians must lay eggs in water primarily for what
reason?
F. The eggs are not laid in nests.
G. The eggs need oxygen from water.
H. The eggs need protection from predators.
J. The eggs do not have multicellular membranes
and a shell.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Amphibians must lay eggs in water primarily for what
reason?
F. The eggs are not laid in nests.
G. The eggs need oxygen from water.
H. The eggs need protection from predators.
J. The eggs do not have multicellular membranes
and a shell.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
3. Metamorphosis must take place before amphibians
are able to do what?
A. swim
B. live on land
C. respire with gills
D. feed themselves
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
3. Metamorphosis must take place before amphibians
are able to do what?
A. swim
B. live on land
C. respire with gills
D. feed themselves
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below shows a longitudinal section, ventral
view, of a frog heart. Use the figure below to answer
question 4.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Identify the source of blood flow in the section of the
heart labeled 1.
F. the body
G. the aorta
H. the lungs
J. both lungs and body
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Identify the source of blood flow in the section of the
heart labeled 1.
F. the body
G. the aorta
H. the lungs
J. both lungs and body
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
5. Anura : frogs :: Gymnophiona :
A. toads
B. newts
C. caecilians
D. salamanders
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
5. Anura : frogs :: Gymnophiona :
A. toads
B. newts
C. caecilians
D. salamanders
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below shows an artist’s rendering of
Ichthyostega. Use the figure to answer the question
that follows.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. Ichthyostega is an early amphibian. Which of the
following characteristics is most likely to help it live
on land?
F. fishlike tail
G. seven-toed feet
H. four strong limbs
J. lateral-line canals on the head
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. Ichthyostega is an early amphibian. Which of the
following characteristics is most likely to help it live
on land?
F. fishlike tail
G. seven-toed feet
H. four strong limbs
J. lateral-line canals on the head
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
Modern amphibians are a diverse group, but they do
have some common characteristics.
Describe five key characteristics shared by modern
amphibians.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Modern amphibians are a diverse group, but they do
have some common characteristics.
Describe five key characteristics shared by modern
amphibians.
Answer: Metamorphosis from larva to adult; moist,
thin skin; clawless feet; respiration with lungs,
skin, and gills; shell-less eggs
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
Base your answers to parts A & B on the information
below.
Frogs breathe by a positive pressure system.
Part A Describe how frogs move air into their lungs.
Which part of inhaling is “positive pressure?”
Part B Describe how frogs move air out of their
lungs and into the atmosphere.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 40
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A The mouth floor drops, sucking air in.
The nostrils seal and the mouth floor lifts
(positive pressure), which forces air into the
lungs.
Part B: The body wall muscles and lung
elasticity force lung air into the mouth, which
makes the floor drop. The floor then lifts to
force air out of nostrils.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.