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Classification Notes
1. Classification
A. Arrangement in classes or groups to
improve communication
B. Four factors
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Similar structure
Behavior
Food needs
Chemical make up
Kingdoms
2. Six kingdoms of living things:
A. Kingdom Archebacteria
1. Prokaryotic
a. Single-celled
b. No true nucleus (no membrane)
2. Live in extreme environments
3. Anaerobic
4. Example: Bacteria living in hot springs
Kingdoms
B. Kingdom Eubacteria
1. Prokaryotic
a. Single-celled
b. No true nucleus (no membrane)
2. Live in less extreme environments
3. Mostly aerobic
4. Examples: cyanobacteria, yogurt
bacteria
Kingdoms
C. Kingdom Protista
1. Eukaryotic
a. Complex cell structure
b. Membrane bound organelles
c. True nucleus
2. Single-celled or many-celled
3. Some plantlike, animal-like, or
funguslike
4. Examples: Amoeba, paramecium,
diatoms, euglena, algae
Kingdoms
D. Kingdom Fungi
1. Most are many-celled
2. Body made of hyphae
3. Saprophytes (obtain food by absorbing
dead or decaying tissues of other
organisms)
4. Reproduce by spores
5. Decomposers
6. Examples: Club (mushrooms), sac
(yeast) zygote (bread mold), imperfect
(penicillin)
Kingdoms
E. Plant Kingdom
1. Many-celled
2. Photosynthetic – make their own
food
3. Examples: Pine tree, rose, corn
F. Animal Kingdom
1. Many celled
2. Consume other organisms for food
3. Examples: Scorpion, cat, jellyfish,
sponge
Subdivisions of kingdoms
3. Subdivisions of kingdom
Using the columbine as an example
A. Kingdom – Plant
B. Phylum – Tracheophyta
C. Class – Angiospermae
D. Order - Dicotyledon
E. Family - Ranunculaceae
F. Genus – Aquilegia
G. Species - cearulea
Naming Organisms
4. Naming organisms
A. Common names are those given in your
language and are often confusing or overlapping
B. Scientific names are those given in Latin
which describes only one organism – no
confusion
Animal Kingdom
1. Animals are made of many cells. Different kinds of
cells carry out different functions such as sensing
the environment, getting rid of wastes, and
reproducing.
2. Animal cells have a nucleus and specialized
structures inside the cells called organelles.
3. Animals depend on other living things in the
environment for food. Some eat plants, some eat
other animals, and some eat plants and animals.
Animal Kingdom
4. Animals digest their food. The proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats in foods are broken down
into simpler molecules that can move into the
animal’s cells.
5. Many animals move from place to place. They can
escape from their enemies and find food, mates,
and places to live. Animals that move slowly or not
at all have adaptations that make it possible for
them to take care of these needs in other ways.
6. All animals are capable of reproducing sexually.
Some animals also can reproduce asexually.
Animal Kingdom – Phylum Porifera
1. Phylum Porifera
A. Pores
B. Sessile (permanently attached as adults)
C. Two cell layers
D. Marine (salt) and fresh water
E. Respiration - Oxygen absorbed by inner cell
layer
Animal Kingdom – Phylum Porifera
F. Digestion – Food
absorbed by inner
cell layer
G. Circulation
1. Flagellum
create a current of
water
2. No blood
Animal Kingdom – Phylum Cnidaria
2. Phylum Cnidaria- Jellyfish, Coral,
Anemones
A. Stinging Cells
B. Tentacles
C. Some sessile / some free swimming
D. Respiration - Oxygen absorbed by
inner cell layer
Animal Kingdom – Phylum Cnidaria
E. Digestion
1. Food absorbed
by inner cell layer
2. Single-opening
system
F. Circulation - Water
current distributes
gas/food
Medusa Form
Polyp Form
Animal Kingdom _ Phylum
Platyhelminthes
3. Phylum: Platyhelminthes – Flatworms
A. Parasites (live off of live host)
B. Can regenerate if broken
C. Respiration - Oxygen absorbed through
skin
D. Digestion
1. Nutrients absorbed into inner cell layers
2. Single-opening system
Animal Kingdom _ Phylum
Platyhelminthes
E. Circulation - nutrients/gas circulated by
host
F. Examples – planarian, fluke, tapeworm
Planarian
Tapeworm
Animal kingdom –
Phylum Nematoda
4. Phylum: Nematoda - Roundworms
A. Many are parasites/some free-living
B. Respiration - Oxygen absorbed through skin
C. Digestion
1. Nutrients absorbed by inner cell layer
2. Complete system (two openings)
D. Circulation - Food/gas absorbed through
cells
Animal Kingdom –
Phylum Mollusca
5. Phylum: Mollusca
A. Mostly shell-builders
B. Mantle - fleshy covering that secretes the
shell
C. Well developed sense organs
D. Respiration - gills for gas exchange
E. Digestion - complete with specialized organs
F. Circulation - hearts for pumping blood
G. Mostly aquatic (live in water)
H. Examples: octopus, squid, snails, clams
Animal Kingdom –
Phylum Mollusca
I. Classes of Mollusca
1. Class Gastropoda
a. “Stomach foot”
b. Most have shells
c. Examples: snails, conch, slugs
Animal Kingdom –
Phylum Mollusca
2. Class Bivalvia
a. “two shells”
b. Hinged, two part shell
c. Examples: clam, oyster, and
scallops
Animal Kingdom –
Phylum Mollusca
3. Class Cephalopoda
a. “head foot”
b. Large, well developed head
c. Most have tentacles
d. Closed circulatory system
e. Jet propulsion
f. Examples: octopus, squid,
cuttlefish
Animal Kingdom –
Phylum Annelida
6. Phylum: Annelida - Segmented Worms
A. Segmented body
B. Respiration - Gas exchange through skin
C. Digestion
1. Specialized organs
2. Complete system
3. Nutrients absorbed by inner cell layer
D. Circulation - Pairs of “hearts” circulate
blood
– Example: earthworm, leeches
Animal Kingdom –
Phylum Arthropoda
7. Phylum: Arthropoda
A. Exoskeleton (outside)
B. Jointed legs
C. Segmented body
D. Circulation - open, hearts for pumps
E. Respiration
a. Vents and spiracles (land arthropods)
b. Gills (aquatic arthropods)
F. Digestion - complete system with specialized
organs
Animal Kingdom –
Phylum Arthropoda
G. Classes of Phylum Arthropoda
1. Class: Crustacea (Crabs,
lobsters)
a. Mostly marine (salt water)
b. Cephalothorax and
abdomen
(Two body regions)
c. Five pairs of appendages
Animal Kingdom –
Phylum Arthropoda
2. Class: Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites)
a. Many are poisonous
b. Two body regions
c. Four pairs of legs
3. Class: Insecta (grasshoppers, bees)
a. Many fly
b. Three body regions
c. Three pairs of legs
Animal Kingdom –
Phylum Arthropoda
4. Class: Chilopoda (centipedes)
a. Many segments
b. One pair of legs per segment
c. Poisonous
5. Class: Diplopoda (millipedes)
a. Many segments
b. Two pair of legs per segment
c. Not poisonous
Animal Kingdom – Phylum
Echinodermata
8. Phylum: Echinodermata
A. Spiny skin
B. Radial design
C. Example: starfish
Animal Kingdom – Phylum
Chordata
9. Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates with spinal cord)
A. Circulation
1. Closed (veins and arteries)
2. Multi-chambered heart
B. Digestion - complete system with
specialized organs
C. Respiration
1. Lungs (land)
2. Gills (water)
Animal Kingdom – Phylum
Chordata
D. Classes of Phylum Chordata
1. Class: Cyclostomata (jawless fish)
a. Cold blooded
b. Cartilage skeleton
c. No jaws
d. Example: lamprey, hagfish
Lamprey feeding on host fish
Animal Kingdom – Phylum
Chordata
2. Class: Chondrichthyes (jawed
cartilaginous fish)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Cold blooded
Sharp teeth
Jaws
Cartilage skeleton
Example: sharks, rays
Animal Kingdom – Phylum
Chordata
3. Class: Osteichthyes (bony fish)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Cold blooded
Bone skeleton
Two chambered heart
Scales
Example: perch, bass
Animal Kingdom – Phylum Chordata
4. Class: Amphibia
a. Live in water and on land
b. Smooth, moist skin (exceptions: toads)
c. Cold blooded
d. Breathe through gills as babies
e. Breathe through lungs/skin as adult
f. Lay eggs in water
g. Three chambered heart
h. Metamorphisms (tadpole to frog)
i. Examples: newt, salamander, frogs
Animal Kingdom – Phylum Chordata
5. Class: Reptilia
a. Cold blooded
b. Scales
c. Lay eggs on land
d. Incomplete four chambered heart
e. Breath with lungs from birth
f. Examples: Snakes, lizards, turtles
Animal Kingdom –
Phylum Chordata
6. Class: Aves
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Warm blooded
Complete four chambered heart
Streamlined (aerodynamic) body
Feathers
Lay eggs on land
Light weight skeleton
Examples: Eagles, seagulls, turkeys
Animal Kingdom – Phylum Chordata
7. Class: Mammalia
a. Warm blooded
b. Hair
c. Live birth (placentals)
Placenta - nourishes baby while
developing in Mom
d. Mammary glands
1. Produce milk
2. Nurse young
e. Two pairs of limbs
f. High functioning brain and sense
organs
THE END!
Whew