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Entomology for Master Gardeners David J. Shetlar, Ph.D. The “BugDoc” The Ohio State University, OARDC & OSU Extension Columbus, OH © January, 2009, D.J. Shetlar, all rights reserved What is Entomology? The study of insects (and their near relatives). What are insects (and near relatives)? Insects and their relatives are ARTHROPODS. Review of Zoological Nomenclature (classifying & naming) Taxonomic Categories Phylum Class Order Family Genus Genus & species Review of Zoological Nomenclature Taxonomic Categories Kingdom - Animalae Phylum - Arthropoda Class - Hexapoda (=Insecta) Order - Coleoptera Family - Scarabaeidae Genus - Popillia Genus & species Popillia japonica Newman What are some other Animal Phyla? • • • • • • • Protozoa - single-celled animals. Platyhelminthes - flatworms, tapeworms Nematoda - roundworms Mollusca - clams, snails & slugs, squids Echinodermata - starfish, sea urchins Annelida - segmented worms (earthworms) Chordata - fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals Phylum Nematoda – Roundworms (>15,000 species, all trophic areas) Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms (9,000 species, all trophic areas) Phylum Mollusca – Snails/Slugs, Clams, Cephalopods (50,000 species, aquatic and terrestrial) Phylum Chordata – Urocordata, Cephalocordata, Vertebrata (70,000 species) Characteristics of the Phylum Arthropoda • • • • • The segmented bodies are arranged into regions: e.g., head, thorax, abdomen in insects; cephalothorax and abdomen in arachnids and some crustaceans; head and trunk in millipedes and centipedes. The have paired appendages. They posses a chitinous exoskeletion that must be shed during growth. They have bilateral symmetry. The nervous system is ventral (belly) and the circulatory system is open and dorsal (back). Arthropod Groups (taxa) The arthropods are divided into two large groups that exist today: The Chelicerates and The Mandibulates Chelicerate Arthropod Characters: • • • • • Pincher-like mouthparts chelicerae - and pedipalps NO antennae Two body regions, usually cephalothorax & abdomen Four pairs of legs Horseshoe crabs and arachnids are only living groups Mandibulate Arthropod Characters: • • • • • Mouthparts are mandibles - normally chewing sideways One or two pairs of antennae Various body region arrangements cephalothorax & abdomen / head & trunk / head, thorax & abdomen Variable leg numbers Insects, crustaceans & myriapods Classes of Arthropods: Chelicerates – Class Xiphosura – horseshoe crabs Class Arachnica – arachnids Mandibulates – Class Crustacea – crustaceans Class Diplopoda – millipedes Class Chilopoda – centipedes Class Symphyla – garden centipedes Class Hexapoda – insects Orders of Arachnids • • • • • Scorpiones - scorpions Pseudoscorpiones - false scorpions Opiliones - daddy-long-legs or harvestmen Acari - mites & ticks Araneae - spiders Pseudoscorpion Scorpion Daddy-long-legs Tick (a mite) Wolf Spider Pseudoscorpion Mite and Tick Body Regions pedipalps & chelicerae cephalothorax abdomen American dog tick male Blacklegged (deer) tick female American dog tick female laying egg mass (1000-2000 eggs!). Clover mites Twospotted spider mites Predatory mite Opiliones (=daddy-long-legs, harvestmen) cephalothorax abdomen Spider Anatomy pedipalp chelicera (fang) cephalothorax narrow waist abdomen Jumping Spider Abdomen Cephalothorax Chelicera (fang) Pedipalp Wolf spider with egg case Tarantula Spitting spider Orbweaving spider Black widow with egg case Brown recluse (fiddleback) Classes of Myriapods (many legged arthropods) (all have one pair of antennae, a head region, and trunk with many pairs of legs, use trachea) • • • Diplopoda - millipedes Chilopoda - centipedes Symphyla - garden centipedes Myriapods [one pair of antennae, head & trunk regions, trunk with many pairs of legs] Millipede (Diplopoda) Two pair of legs per visible segment, attached under body. Centipede (Chilopoda) Pair of fangs under head, one pair legs per visible segment - attached to side of body. Symphylan (Symphyla) [garden centipede] No fangs, no eyes, legs attached to side of body. Millipede (Diplopoda) Centipede (Chilopoda) Garden centipede (Symphyla) Classes of Crustacea (mostly marine, fresh water, a few terrestrial) (all have two pair of antennae, five or more pairs of legs, segmented abdominal appendages, head & trunk or cephalothorax & abdomen body arrangement, have gills) • • • • • Isopoda - sowbugs or pillbugs Amphipoda - sand fleas, amphipods Cirripedia - barnicles Decapoda - crabs, lobster, shrimp several other minor orders Crayfish External Morphology Sowbugs (Isopoda), terrestrial crustaceans Class Hexapoda (the insects) • • • • • Three body regions – head, thorax, abdomen Thorax with three pairs of legs; normally two pairs of wings in adult stage Head with one pair of antennae Respiration by trachea Terrestrial & fresh water inhabitants Lubber Grasshopper Lubber Grasshopper Head antenna compound eye ocelli frons mandible clypeus labrum maxilla labium Lubber Grasshopper Thorax pronotum mesopleuron spiracle metapleuron coxa femur tibia trochanter tarsus Lubber Grasshopper Abdomen abdominal tergites cercus spiracles abdominal sternites Insect Respiratory System Cana lily skipper (a butterfly) larvae have an almost completely transparent exoskeleton, thereby allowing a good view of the tracheal system. Incomplete Metamorphosis Example (hairy chinch bug) egg 1st instar Egg Stage 2nd instar 3rd instar 4th instar Nymphal Stage 5th instar normal wing adult short wing adult Adult Stage Complete Metamorphosis Example (northern masked chafer) egg Egg Stage 1st instar 2nd instar Larval Stage 3rd instar pupa Pupal Stage adult Adult Stage Hexapod Orders Entognathous Hexapods – (simple metamorphosis cont’d) Order Protura Order Mantodea Order Collembola Order Blattodea Order Diplura Order Hemiptera Ectognathous apterygote Hexapods – Order Thysanoptera Order Microcoryphia Order Psocoptera Order Thysanura Order Phthiraptera Pterygote Hexapods – (simple metamorphosis) (complete metamorphosis) Order Coleoptera Order Ephemeroptera Order Neuroptera Order Odonata Order Hymenoptera Order Orthoptera Order Trichoptera Order Phasmatodea Order Lepidoptera Order Dermaptera Order Siphonaptera Order Plecoptera Order Diptera Order Isoptera Orders of Insects (no metamorphosis) • • • • Some consider these groups insect-like and place in different class or subclass. Adults do not have wings and may molt after becoming mature Collembola - springtails Thysanura - silverfish, firebrats Order Collembola (glue wedge) springtails • • • • • • Wingless (primitively) Chewing mouthparts Gradual (no) metamorphosis Adults continue to molt Feed on plants, bacteria, & fungi Important as decomposers collophore furcula Order Thysanura (bristle tail) silverfish & firebrats • Look like they have 3 tails – • • • • • Wingless (primitively) Most are covered with scales Chewing mouthparts Gradual (no) metamorphosis Feed on organic matter, starchy materials • 2 cerci • 1 median filament silverfish firebrat Order Orthoptera (straight wing) grasshoppers & crickets • Two pairs wings • Most have hind legs enlarged for jumping Females have prominent ovipositor Produce songs by rubbing wing bases together or rubbing the wings on their legs • • • Forewings leathery & narrow; protect • Hindwings membranous, fan-folded • Some are wingless (cave crickets) Mating pair of grasshoppers Female cone-nose grasshopper Order Dermaptera (skin wing) earwigs • Cerci like forceps, pinchers • Defense, prey capture, mating • Elongate, flattened • Two pairs of wings • Forewings usually short, hard • Hindwings membranous, folded • Few species are wingless Seashore earwig Ringlegged earwig Order Isoptera (equal wing) termites • Social • Reproductives (queens & kings) • Four wings of equal size • Wings twice the length of the body • Wings lack cross-veins • Workers & soldiers • Lack wings • Body white • Distinguish from ants: • Lack of elbowed antennae • No constriction between abdomen & thorax Swarming reproductive termites Workers and a soldier Order Mantodea (soothsayer) mantids / praying mantid • Large (50-100 mm) • Forelegs modified for grasping • • • prey Predatory Chewing mouthparts Gradual metamorphosis Order Blattodea cockroaches • • • • • • • • Flattened body Long slender antennae Wings thickened, leathery Wings reduced in some species Legs modified for running Chewing mouthparts Gradual metamorphosis Feed on organic matter, stored products, plants Order Hemiptera (half wing) true bugs & bug-like insects • Formerly 2 separate orders; • • recently combined Suborder Heteroptera Suborders Auchenorrhyncha & Sternorrhyncha (former Homoptera) Order Thysanoptera (fringe wing) thrips • Small (most <4 mm), elongate • Chewing mouthparts • Small conical beak • Rasping mouthparts • Most with 4 wings • Strap-like • Fringed with long bristles • Some species are wingless Order Phthiraptera (lice without wings) • Formerly 2 separate orders • Suborder Mallophaga (wool eater): chewing lice • Suborder Anoplura (unarmed tail): sucking lice Head louse Head louse nit (egg) Order Coleoptera (sheath wing) beetles • • • • Largest order in animal kingdom Chewing mouthparts Complex metamorphosis Forewings (elytra) are hardened, opaque, meet in the midline of back • Hindwings membranous, folded under elytra • Feed on plants, organic matter, stored products; or predatory Order Neuroptera (nerve wing) lacewings & dobsonflies, antlions, owlflies • Wings • Membranous, 2 pairs • Approximately equal size • Many veins & cross-veins • Chewing mouthparts, sometimes • • modified Complex metamorphosis Members of interest are predators Order Hymenoptera (marriage wing) bees, wasps, sawflies, ants • • • Wings: • • • 4 membranous wings Hind pair smaller than front pair Pairs attached by row of small hooks Bees, wasps, & ants have second abdominal segment constricted & narrow; i.e. effect of “wasp-waist” Sawflies have broadly joined thorax & abdomen Order Lepidoptera (scale wing) moths & butterflies • • • • Shingle-like scales on wings 4 wings, often colorful Complex metamorphosis Mouthparts • Larvae (caterpillars) – 2-5 prolegs on abdomen • Chewing in larva • Sucking (siphoning) or none in adults • Proboscis in butterflies: coiled siphon Order Siphonaptera (sucking wingless) fleas • Body: small, hard, laterally • • compressed Wingless Mouthparts: • Piercing/sucking for blood in adult • Chewing in larva • Larvae feed on organic matter Order Diptera (two wing) true flies • Mouthparts: • Sucking: modified piercing/ sucking, • sponging, lapping, slashing in adult Modified chewing in larva • One pair wings, on mesothorax • Metathorax has 1 pair of small, knobbed • appendages (halteres) Occasionally wingless