Download Arthropods - in blue

Entomology
for Master Gardeners
David J. Shetlar, Ph.D.
The “BugDoc”
The Ohio State University,
OARDC & OSU Extension
Columbus, OH
© January, 2009, D.J. Shetlar, all rights reserved
What is Entomology?
The study of insects
(and their near relatives).
What are insects
(and near relatives)?
Insects and their relatives are
ARTHROPODS.
Review of Zoological Nomenclature
(classifying & naming)
Taxonomic Categories
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Genus & species
Review of Zoological Nomenclature
Taxonomic Categories
Kingdom - Animalae
Phylum - Arthropoda
Class - Hexapoda (=Insecta)
Order - Coleoptera
Family - Scarabaeidae
Genus - Popillia
Genus & species Popillia japonica Newman
What are some other
Animal Phyla?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Protozoa - single-celled animals.
Platyhelminthes - flatworms, tapeworms
Nematoda - roundworms
Mollusca - clams, snails & slugs, squids
Echinodermata - starfish, sea urchins
Annelida - segmented worms (earthworms)
Chordata - fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
mammals
Phylum Nematoda –
Roundworms
(>15,000 species, all trophic areas)
Phylum Annelida –
Segmented Worms
(9,000 species, all trophic areas)
Phylum Mollusca –
Snails/Slugs, Clams, Cephalopods
(50,000 species, aquatic and terrestrial)
Phylum Chordata –
Urocordata, Cephalocordata, Vertebrata
(70,000 species)
Characteristics of the Phylum
Arthropoda
•
•
•
•
•
The segmented bodies are arranged into
regions: e.g., head, thorax, abdomen in insects;
cephalothorax and abdomen in arachnids and
some crustaceans; head and trunk in millipedes
and centipedes.
The have paired appendages.
They posses a chitinous exoskeletion that must
be shed during growth.
They have bilateral symmetry.
The nervous system is ventral (belly) and the
circulatory system is open and dorsal (back).
Arthropod Groups (taxa)
The arthropods are divided into two
large groups that exist today:
The Chelicerates
and
The Mandibulates
Chelicerate Arthropod Characters:
•
•
•
•
•
Pincher-like mouthparts chelicerae - and pedipalps
NO antennae
Two body regions, usually cephalothorax & abdomen
Four pairs of legs
Horseshoe crabs and arachnids
are only living groups
Mandibulate Arthropod Characters:
•
•
•
•
•
Mouthparts are mandibles - normally
chewing sideways
One or two pairs of antennae
Various body region arrangements cephalothorax & abdomen / head &
trunk / head, thorax & abdomen
Variable leg numbers
Insects, crustaceans & myriapods
Classes of Arthropods:
Chelicerates –
Class Xiphosura – horseshoe crabs
Class Arachnica – arachnids
Mandibulates –
Class Crustacea – crustaceans
Class Diplopoda – millipedes
Class Chilopoda – centipedes
Class Symphyla – garden centipedes
Class Hexapoda – insects
Orders of Arachnids
•
•
•
•
•
Scorpiones - scorpions
Pseudoscorpiones - false
scorpions
Opiliones - daddy-long-legs or
harvestmen
Acari - mites & ticks
Araneae - spiders
Pseudoscorpion
Scorpion
Daddy-long-legs
Tick
(a mite)
Wolf
Spider
Pseudoscorpion
Mite and Tick Body Regions
pedipalps &
chelicerae
cephalothorax
abdomen
American dog tick male
Blacklegged (deer) tick female
American dog tick female laying egg mass (1000-2000 eggs!).
Clover mites
Twospotted spider mites
Predatory mite
Opiliones (=daddy-long-legs,
harvestmen)
cephalothorax
abdomen
Spider Anatomy
pedipalp
chelicera (fang)
cephalothorax
narrow waist
abdomen
Jumping Spider
Abdomen
Cephalothorax
Chelicera (fang)
Pedipalp
Wolf spider with egg case
Tarantula
Spitting spider
Orbweaving spider
Black widow with egg case
Brown recluse
(fiddleback)
Classes of Myriapods
(many legged arthropods)
(all have one pair of antennae, a head region, and trunk
with many pairs of legs, use trachea)
•
•
•
Diplopoda - millipedes
Chilopoda - centipedes
Symphyla - garden centipedes
Myriapods
[one pair of antennae, head & trunk regions, trunk with many pairs of legs]
Millipede (Diplopoda)
Two pair of legs per visible segment, attached
under body.
Centipede (Chilopoda)
Pair of fangs under head, one pair legs per visible
segment - attached to side of body.
Symphylan (Symphyla)
[garden centipede]
No fangs, no eyes, legs attached to side of body.
Millipede (Diplopoda)
Centipede (Chilopoda)
Garden centipede (Symphyla)
Classes of Crustacea
(mostly marine, fresh water, a few terrestrial)
(all have two pair of antennae, five or more pairs of legs,
segmented abdominal appendages, head & trunk or
cephalothorax & abdomen body arrangement, have gills)
•
•
•
•
•
Isopoda - sowbugs or pillbugs
Amphipoda - sand fleas, amphipods
Cirripedia - barnicles
Decapoda - crabs, lobster, shrimp
several other minor orders
Crayfish External Morphology
Sowbugs (Isopoda),
terrestrial crustaceans
Class Hexapoda
(the insects)
•
•
•
•
•
Three body regions – head, thorax,
abdomen
Thorax with three pairs of legs;
normally two pairs of wings in adult
stage
Head with one pair of antennae
Respiration by trachea
Terrestrial & fresh water inhabitants
Lubber Grasshopper
Lubber Grasshopper Head
antenna
compound eye
ocelli
frons
mandible
clypeus
labrum
maxilla
labium
Lubber Grasshopper Thorax
pronotum
mesopleuron
spiracle
metapleuron
coxa
femur
tibia
trochanter
tarsus
Lubber Grasshopper Abdomen
abdominal tergites
cercus
spiracles
abdominal sternites
Insect Respiratory System
Cana lily skipper (a butterfly) larvae have an almost
completely transparent exoskeleton, thereby allowing a good
view of the tracheal system.
Incomplete Metamorphosis Example
(hairy chinch bug)
egg
1st
instar
Egg
Stage
2nd
instar
3rd
instar
4th
instar
Nymphal
Stage
5th
instar
normal wing
adult
short wing
adult
Adult
Stage
Complete Metamorphosis Example
(northern masked chafer)
egg
Egg
Stage
1st
instar
2nd
instar
Larval
Stage
3rd
instar
pupa
Pupal
Stage
adult
Adult
Stage
Hexapod Orders
Entognathous Hexapods –
(simple metamorphosis cont’d)
Order Protura
Order Mantodea
Order Collembola
Order Blattodea
Order Diplura
Order Hemiptera
Ectognathous apterygote Hexapods –
Order Thysanoptera
Order Microcoryphia
Order Psocoptera
Order Thysanura
Order Phthiraptera
Pterygote Hexapods –
(simple metamorphosis)
(complete metamorphosis)
Order Coleoptera
Order Ephemeroptera
Order Neuroptera
Order Odonata
Order Hymenoptera
Order Orthoptera
Order Trichoptera
Order Phasmatodea
Order Lepidoptera
Order Dermaptera
Order Siphonaptera
Order Plecoptera
Order Diptera
Order Isoptera
Orders of Insects
(no metamorphosis)
•
•
•
•
Some consider these groups
insect-like and place in different
class or subclass.
Adults do not have wings and
may molt after becoming mature
Collembola - springtails
Thysanura - silverfish, firebrats
Order Collembola (glue wedge)
springtails
•
•
•
•
•
•
Wingless (primitively)
Chewing mouthparts
Gradual (no) metamorphosis
Adults continue to molt
Feed on plants, bacteria, & fungi
Important as decomposers
collophore
furcula
Order Thysanura (bristle tail)
silverfish & firebrats
•
Look like they have 3 tails –
•
•
•
•
•
Wingless (primitively)
Most are covered with scales
Chewing mouthparts
Gradual (no) metamorphosis
Feed on organic matter, starchy
materials
• 2 cerci
• 1 median filament
silverfish
firebrat
Order Orthoptera (straight wing)
grasshoppers & crickets
•
Two pairs wings
•
Most have hind legs enlarged for
jumping
Females have prominent ovipositor
Produce songs by rubbing wing bases
together or rubbing the wings on their
legs
•
•
• Forewings leathery & narrow; protect
• Hindwings membranous, fan-folded
• Some are wingless (cave crickets)
Mating pair of grasshoppers
Female cone-nose grasshopper
Order Dermaptera (skin wing)
earwigs
• Cerci like forceps, pinchers
•
Defense, prey capture, mating
• Elongate, flattened
• Two pairs of wings
• Forewings usually short, hard
• Hindwings membranous, folded
• Few species are wingless
Seashore earwig
Ringlegged earwig
Order Isoptera (equal wing)
termites
• Social
• Reproductives (queens & kings)
• Four wings of equal size
• Wings twice the length of the body
• Wings lack cross-veins
• Workers & soldiers
• Lack wings
• Body white
• Distinguish from ants:
• Lack of elbowed antennae
• No constriction between abdomen & thorax
Swarming reproductive termites
Workers and a soldier
Order Mantodea (soothsayer)
mantids / praying mantid
• Large (50-100 mm)
• Forelegs modified for grasping
•
•
•
prey
Predatory
Chewing mouthparts
Gradual metamorphosis
Order Blattodea
cockroaches
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Flattened body
Long slender antennae
Wings thickened, leathery
Wings reduced in some species
Legs modified for running
Chewing mouthparts
Gradual metamorphosis
Feed on organic matter, stored
products, plants
Order Hemiptera (half wing)
true bugs & bug-like insects
• Formerly 2 separate orders;
•
•
recently combined
Suborder Heteroptera
Suborders Auchenorrhyncha &
Sternorrhyncha (former Homoptera)
Order Thysanoptera (fringe wing)
thrips
• Small (most <4 mm), elongate
• Chewing mouthparts
• Small conical beak
• Rasping mouthparts
• Most with 4 wings
• Strap-like
• Fringed with long bristles
• Some species are wingless
Order Phthiraptera
(lice without wings)
• Formerly 2 separate orders
• Suborder Mallophaga (wool eater):
chewing lice
• Suborder Anoplura (unarmed tail):
sucking lice
Head louse
Head louse nit (egg)
Order Coleoptera
(sheath wing) beetles
•
•
•
•
Largest order in animal kingdom
Chewing mouthparts
Complex metamorphosis
Forewings (elytra) are hardened, opaque,
meet in the midline of back
• Hindwings membranous, folded under elytra
• Feed on plants, organic matter, stored
products; or predatory
Order Neuroptera (nerve wing)
lacewings & dobsonflies, antlions, owlflies
• Wings
• Membranous, 2 pairs
• Approximately equal size
• Many veins & cross-veins
• Chewing mouthparts, sometimes
•
•
modified
Complex metamorphosis
Members of interest are predators
Order Hymenoptera
(marriage wing)
bees, wasps, sawflies, ants
•
•
•
Wings:
•
•
•
4 membranous wings
Hind pair smaller than front pair
Pairs attached by row of small hooks
Bees, wasps, & ants have second
abdominal segment constricted & narrow;
i.e. effect of “wasp-waist”
Sawflies have broadly joined thorax &
abdomen
Order Lepidoptera (scale wing)
moths & butterflies
•
•
•
•
Shingle-like scales on wings
4 wings, often colorful
Complex metamorphosis
Mouthparts
•
Larvae (caterpillars) – 2-5 prolegs on
abdomen
• Chewing in larva
• Sucking (siphoning) or none in adults
• Proboscis in butterflies: coiled siphon
Order Siphonaptera
(sucking wingless) fleas
• Body: small, hard, laterally
•
•
compressed
Wingless
Mouthparts:
• Piercing/sucking for blood in adult
• Chewing in larva
• Larvae feed on organic matter
Order Diptera (two wing)
true flies
• Mouthparts:
• Sucking: modified piercing/ sucking,
•
sponging, lapping, slashing in adult
Modified chewing in larva
• One pair wings, on mesothorax
• Metathorax has 1 pair of small, knobbed
•
appendages (halteres)
Occasionally wingless