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Chapter 4 The Human Body Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Learning Objectives Define: Torso Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Bilateral Proximal Plantar Palmar Distal Midline Midaxillary Midclavicular 2 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Learning Objectives Describe the anatomy and function of the following major body systems: Respiratory Circulatory Musculoskeletal Nervous Endocrine 3 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Introduction Anatomy Study of body structure, function Body parts Physiology Study of processes Activities of living organism 4 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Anatomic Terms Normal anatomic position Body position Superior Inferior Midline Midaxillary 5 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Anatomic Terms Normal anatomic position Anterior/ventral Posterior/dorsal Lateral Bilateral Medial 6 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Anatomic Terms Normal anatomic position Midclavicular Proximal Distal Palmar surface Plantar surface 7 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Anatomic Terms Normal anatomic position Central Peripheral Arm Leg 8 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Anatomic Terms 9 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Anatomic Terms 10 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Anatomic Terms Terms relating to position, movement Erect Prone Lateral recumbent Left lateral recumbent 11 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Anatomic Terms Terms relating to position & movement Abduction Adduction 12 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Anatomic Terms 13 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Anatomic Terms Terms relating to position & movement Flexion Extension Hyperextension 14 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Anatomic Terms 15 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Anatomic Terms Terms relating to position & movement Medial rotation Lateral rotation 16 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Cell Fundamental unit of all living things Tissue Specialized cells grouped together Muscle Nerve Epithelial Connective 17 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Organ Several tissue types Organ system (body system) Group of organs 18 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 19 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Skeletal system Provides structure, support Protects organs Allows movement Connective tissue • Bones • Cartilage • Ligaments • Tendons 20 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 21 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Skeletal system Skull • Cranium, face bones • Protects brain tissue, central nervous system (CNS) Facial bones • Front • Zygomas • Mandible 22 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 23 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 24 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Skeletal system Spinal column • Vertebrae Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal Spinal canal 25 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 26 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Skeletal system Thoracic cavity • Rib cage Surrounds, provides ventilation structure, protects organs • Sternum Upper manubrium, middle body, lower xiphoid process • Clavicles Lie over anterior upper ribs, extend from sternum to shoulders 27 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Skeletal system Thoracic cavity • Scapulae Lie over upper posterior ribs, attach to clavicles, humerus Form shoulder • Acromion Tip of shoulder • Diaphragm Dome-shaped muscle, forms base of cavity Inspiration - contracts Expiration - rises 28 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Skeletal system Thoracic cavity • Heart • Lungs • Great vessels • Esophagus 29 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Skeletal system Thoracic cavity • Subdivided into: Mediastinum Pleural space 30 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Skeletal system Abdominopelvic cavity • From diaphragm to pelvic cavity • Protected by: Spine (posteriorly) Muscles (anteriorly and laterally) Lower ribs (superiorly) 31 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Skeletal system Abdominopelvic cavity • Abdominal cavity Stomach Small & large intestines Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Kidneys Ureters Spleen 32 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Skeletal system Abdominopelvic cavity • Pelvic cavity Pelvic girdle formed by sacral section of spinal column, ilium, ischium, pubis Pelvic girdle protects lower intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, female reproductive organs Iliac crest Symphysis pubis 33 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Skeletal system Abdominopelvic cavity • Abdominal quadrants Division to describe location of pain, tenderness, physical findings Right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower 34 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 35 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 36 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Skeletal system Upper extremities • Shoulder • Arm • Forearm • Elbow • Wrist • Hand 37 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 38 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Skeletal system Lower extremities • Thigh • Hips • Lower leg • Knee • Ankle • Foot 39 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 40 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Skeletal system Joints • Ball and socket • Hinge • Pivot • Gliding • Saddle • Condyloid 41 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 42 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Muscular system Tissue can contract Gives the body shape Protects internal organs Voluntary Involuntary Cardiac 43 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 44 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Respiratory system Upper airway • Mouth • Nose • Pharynx • Larynx • Epiglottis • Trachea 45 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 46 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 47 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Respiratory system Lower airway Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs 48 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 49 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Respiratory system Muscles of respiration Chest movement allows air exchange Diaphragm Inhalation Exhalation 50 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 51 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Respiratory system Accessory muscles of respiration • Strenuous exercise • Inspiration • Expiration • Respiratory distress 52 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 53 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Respiratory system Physiology of respiration • Tidal volume • Respiratory rate 54 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Respiratory system Nervous system regulation • “Thermostat” that monitors respiratory function Brain, peripheral nerves Automatic control Voluntary control As breathing increases, more O2 enters & CO2 expelled As breathing decreases, CO2 levels increase Metabolism • • • • • 55 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Respiratory system Alveolocapillary cellular exchange • Diffusion Molecules move from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration Movement of O2 & CO2 56 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 57 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Respiratory system Adequate vs. inadequate breathing • Assess rate, rhythm, quality, depth • Rate varies with age • Rhythm should be regular • Quality (breath sounds, chest rise, effort) • Additional signs: – – – – Skin color Retractions, nasal flaring Increased muscular effort Irregular, inadequate, agonal effort 58 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Respiratory system Adequate vs. inadequate breathing • Infants & children 59 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Circulatory system Body transport system Examination priority Proper functioning depends on: • Heart • Blood vessels • Blood 60 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Circulatory system Heart • Muscular pump • Positioned in mediastinum • Pericardium • Layers of heart 61 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 62 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 63 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Circulatory system Heart chambers • Right/left atria receive blood from lungs/body • Right/left ventricles pump oxygenated blood to body • Septum 64 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 65 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Circulatory system Pulmonary circulation - Right ventricle • Pumps blood through lungs, receives O2, releases CO2 for exhalation and then delivers O2 to left atrium Systemic circulation - Left ventricle • Delivers oxygen-rich blood to body, picks up CO2, metabolism waste products and delivers to right atrium 66 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 67 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Circulatory system Valves, one-way flow, closure • Systole - ventricles contract • Diastole - ventricles relax 68 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 69 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Circulatory system Blood vessels • Branching network • Arteries • Arterioles • Capillaries • Veins • Major veins 70 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Circulatory system Blood vessels • Arteries Direct blood flow away from heart 3 layers – Smooth inner lining (endothelium) – Elastic middle layer – Thick outer layer 71 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 72 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Circulatory system Blood vessels • Major arteries Pulmonary artery Aorta Coronary arteries Arteries to head, upper extremity Arteries to thorax, abdomen, lower extremities 73 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 74 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Circulatory aystem Blood vessels • Arterioles Terminal branches of arteries Muscle tone regulates amount of blood available Vasoconstriction decreases inner diameter Vasodilation increases inner diameter 75 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Circulatory system Blood vessels • Capillaries Walls one-cell thick Diffuse oxygen, waste 76 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 77 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Circulatory system Blood vessels • Veins • Venous reservoir 78 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Circulatory system Blood vessels • Major veins Pulmonary Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava 79 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 80 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Circulatory system Blood • Average adult: 5 to 6 L • Plasma • Red blood cells • White blood cells • Platelets 81 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Circulatory system Blood • Red blood cells (RBC) • Hemoglobin (large protein) binds with O2 Hemoglobin • 98% O2 bound to hemoglobin; 2% in plasma 82 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Circulatory system Blood • White blood cells Combat infecting organisms, foreign materials Platelets Circulating cell fragments responsible for clotting Combine with proteins to form thrombus Clotting process (thrombosis) takes 5 to 6 minutes • • • • 83 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Circulatory system Blood pressure • Force exerted by blood volume on vessel walls • Systole • Diastole 84 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Circulatory system Perfusion • Flow matched to energy requirements organ by organ, O2 needs 85 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Circulatory system Perfusion • Shock Inadequate perfusion and tissue oxygenation Signs/symptoms: – – – – – – – – Weak, poor muscular activity Cyanosis Rapid, weak pulse Clammy, cool skin Rapid, shallow breathing Restless, anxious Altered mental state Decreasing blood pressure 86 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Nervous system Brain viability Brain dysfunction = cardiopulmonary failure, death Controlling body organ 87 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 88 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Nervous system Central nervous system • Receives information about external environment and internal body function • Organizes, analyzes, formulates response to direct activities of organs, muscles, tissues • Composed of brain, brainstem, spinal cord 89 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Nervous system Central nervous system • Brain Processes sensory input Receptors in ear, special nerve pathways relay input for balance, equilibrium Receives input about O2 and CO2 content, circulatory, nutritional status 90 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 91 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Nervous system Central nervous system • Cerebrum Largest, most superior portion Divided into right/left hemispheres • Brainstem Lower part of brain Monitors and directs respiratory, circulatory functions • Cerebellum Posterior to brainstem Coordinates movement, balance 92 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Nervous system Central nervous system • Spinal cord – Emerges from brainstem – Has its own processing centers – Reflex arcs 93 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Nervous system Central nervous system • Voluntary Connects CNS with sensory nerves that receive information from the skin and senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, pain) Motor nerves carry information to body, direct conscious actions 94 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Nervous system Central nervous system • Involuntary/autonomic Controls vital body functions 95 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Nervous system Central nervous system • Parasympathetic • Sympathetic “Fight or flight” response 96 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Nervous System Peripheral nervous system • Nerves outside central nervous system • Extends from brainstem, spinal cord • Carries messages to spinal cord, brain • Carries messages back to muscles, various organs via motor nerves 97 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Integumentary system Epidermis • Outermost layer • Nonvascular • Impermeable • Prevents fluid loss from cells beneath • Superficial layer - dead tissue • Keratin • Melanin 98 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Integumentary system Dermis • Dense connective tissue that contains nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles • Skin strength • Sweat glands • Excessive loss of structure requires grafting 99 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Integumentary system Mucous membranes • Skin within body orifice changes character Subcutaneous tissues • Fat layer and connective tissue beneath skin 100 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 101 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Endocrine system/glands Endocrine system • Regulatory system • Secretes hormones • Major hormones Epinephrine Insulin Growth hormone Thyroxine Testosterone Estrogen 102 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 103 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Digestive system All nutritional intake, except oxygen Food processed mechanically and chemically Water, nutrients absorbed Saliva begins chemical process Food moves from oropharynx to esophagus Chyme Liver excretes bile Gallbladder stores bile 104 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Digestive system Small intestine • Duodenum, jejunum, ileum • Liver, filters blood and assists with storage, breakdown, synthesis of protein, fat, carbohydrates Large intestine • Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon 105 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 106 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Urinary system Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Filters blood and excretes excess water, waste 107 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 108 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Lymphatic system Lymph nodes Tonsils Spleen Thymus gland Lymph vessels transport fluid from tissues Blood vessels transport fluid out 109 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems Reproductive system Female • Ovaries • Uterus • Vagina Male • Testes • Vas deferens • Prostate • Penis 110 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 111 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Body Systems 112 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Understanding Relevance of Anatomy & Physiology Vital organ systems Nervous Respiratory Circulatory • Intimately interrelated • Failure leads to death 113 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Understanding Relevance of Anatomy & Physiology Oxygen deprivation Breathing stops Brain function stops • Clinical death • Biological death Death slowed 114 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Sudden & Unexpected Death Most common causes Cardiovascular disease Cerebrovascular disease Accidental injuries Understand conditions leading to death Priorities Rapid delivery 115 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Summary Define: Torso Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Bilateral Proximal Plantar Palmar Distal Midline Midaxillary Midclavicular 116 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Summary Define: Supine Prone Lateral recumbent Define: Abduction Adduction Flexion Extension Medial rotation Lateral rotation 117 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Summary Skeletal system gives body structure, support, protects vital organs, allows body movement Bones, cartilage, ligaments are connective tissue 118 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Summary 206 bones in body Major bones: Skull Spinal column Thorax Pelvis Upper extremities Lower extremities 119 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Summary Joints: Ball-and-socket Hinge Muscles: Voluntary/skeletal Involuntary/smooth Cardiac 120 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Summary Respiration brings oxygen in, waste product/ CO2 out Respiratory system comprised of: Nose Mouth Nasopharynx Oropharynx Larynx Epiglottis Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs 121 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Summary Diaphragm, chest, & intercostal muscles expand thoracic cavity for inhalation Relaxation of diaphragm, intercostals for exhalation The exchange of O2 and CO2 occurring at level of alveoli and capillaries is diffusion 122 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Summary Accessory muscles increase respiratory volumes to accommodate strenuous disease, trauma Adequate breathing characteristics: Breath sounds equal Regular rhythm Chest expansion Normal respiratory rates 123 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Summary Inadequate breathing characteristics: Breath sounds diminished/absent Irregular rhythm Chest expansion shallow/nonexistent Respiratory rates outside normal range Skin cool/cyanotic Retractions, nasal flaring Agonal respirations 124 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Summary Circulatory system transports: Oxygen Nutrients Waste products Specialized cells that repair injured tissues, combat foreign bacteria, and control bleeding 125 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Summary Circulatory system Heart Blood • Plasma • Red blood cells • White blood cells • Platelets Blood vessels 126 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Summary Major arteries include: Aorta Pulmonary Carotid Coronary Femoral Radial Brachial Posterior tibia Dorsalis pedis 127 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Summary Major veins: Pulmonary and vena cavae Voluntary functions Muscular movement Involuntary functions Heart rate Controlled by nervous system 128 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Summary Nervous system: Central, peripheral nervous systems controlling brain/spinal cord & sensory/motor nerves Reflex arch in spinal cord mediates reflexes, automatic muscular movements Skin layers: Dermis, epidermis, subcutaneous tissue 129 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company Questions? 130 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company
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