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Unit 6: How the Nervous and Endocrine Systems Regulate the Human Body and Maintain Homeostasis CELLULAR ORGANIZATION 1. Cell: smallest unit of lifeneuron 2. Tissue: a group of similar cells that work together to perform a similar functionnerve tissue 3. Organs: two or more types of tissues that function together- brain 4. Organ System: two or more organs that work together- brain & spinal cord make up the central nervous system 5. Organism: all of the organ systems working together to maintain life and homeostasis- human MECHANISMS OF HOMEOSTASIS Why is homeostasis so important? Why must it be maintained? Review from unit 1 How it works: Sensors: gather information on internal/ external conditions Targets: Control Center: Organs and tissues respond to messages to restore homeostasis receives the information, compares to set points, and sends messages Communication System: Nerves and hormones carry signals to targets EXAMPLE: DEHYDRATION Sensors: Hypothalamus (brain) detects that there is too little water in the blood Targets: Because of the ADH, the kidneys filter out less water as waste/urine Control Center: Endocrine System signals the pituitary gland Communication System: Pituitary gland releases ADH COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS OF THE BODY Nervous System Endocrine System Quick reactions Connected system Brain, spine, and nerves Electrical & chemical signals Immediate processes Slower reaction rate Isolated organs Glands and blood stream Chemical signals Longer-term processes Both Communication systems Stimulates other tissues Produces responses to stimuli Use chemical signals Maintains homeostasis THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: CENTRAL & PERIPHERAL THE NERVE IMPULSE NEURONS AND THE BRAIN THE SENSES Sensory Organs work with your brain to gather information about the world around you so you can react accordingly Sensory Organs include: Eyes- photoreceptors that detect light and color Ears- mechanoreceptors that detect sound waves Nose- chemoreceptors that detect airborne chemicals Tongue- chemoreceptors that detect chemicals dissolved in saliva Skin- thermoreceptors that detect temperature AND pain receptors that detect pressure Incoming information from the sensory organs travel through nerves to the cerebrum where the input is processed SIGHT SOUND SCENT TASTE TOUCH THE RUBBER HAND: WHICH SENSE DOES YOUR BODY RELY ON MOST? WHAT!?! HOW CAN MY BRAIN BE SO EASILY TRICKED? THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM, PART I THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM, PART II NEUROTRANSMITTERS WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THERE IS A CHEMICAL IMBALANCE? One very common chemical imbalance in the brain is a mood disorder: Depression is the most common mood disorder It is treated with an SSRI- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor The SSRI helps compensate for underactive serotonin producers by blocking the receptors from reabsorbing extra serotonin ADDICTION AND THE BRAIN This is True of ALL Mood Altering Substances, including alcohol, THC, MMDA, Cocaine, etc… ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Gland/Organ Location Secrets Hormones that Control Hypothalamus Brain Growth, stimulates reproductive maturity Pituitary Brain Growth, water balance in the blood Thyroid Neck Metabolism, growth and development Thymus Chest Maturation of white blood cells Adrenal Glands Above the kidneys Blood pressure, breathing rate, “fight or flight” response Pancreas Between the intestines and the stomach Digestion and glucose metabolism Gonads Pelvis Reproductive development and functions RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CIRCULATORY SYSTEM VASCULAR SYSTEM The vascular system, which consists of arteries, veins, and capillaries, works with the respiratory and circulatory systems to help your body maintain homeostasis All of the body’s blood vessels: Have an epithelial layer Transport blood, gasses, and other materials Are found in all parts of the body Are all part of the circulatory system If there’s one thing ladies love, it’s a vascular man! ARTERIES The arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart bringing oxygen-rich blood to cells Arterial Structure: Three Layers Muscular and Elastic to keep blood moving VEINS The veins carry blood TO the heart carrying oxygen-poor blood away from cells Venous Structure: Larger diameter Have valves Needs muscle activity to keep blood moving- DVT CAPILLARIES The capillaries carry blood BETWEEN the cells and the veins and the cells and the arteries. They carry both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood Capillary Structure: Only one unicellular layer thick Form dense capillary beds Materials diffuse in and out of them BLOOD BLOOD TYPING LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Collects fluid from the circulatory system, filters and cleans it, and returns it to the blood stream Works with the immune system to protect the body from potentially harmful pathogens The body’s skeletal muscles contract around the lymph vessels to keep the lymphatic fluid moving forward- never backward! IF THERE IS A MALFUNCTION IN THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM… If the fluid is not returned to the circulatory system: There will be too little plasma. If there is too little plasma, platelets will stick together and possibly cause an unwanted clot. This can lead to a Heart attack or Stroke If the fluid is not filtered and pathogens aren’t destroyed, you will get very ill. If the fluid does not keep moving and does not drain properly: Edema: IN SUMMARY… You body consists of many, intertwined systems: Central Nervous Peripheral Nervous- Somatic, Autonomic, Sympathetic, and Parasympathetic Endocrine Circulatory Respiratory Lymphatic The body communicates with itself electrically (nerves) and chemically (hormones and neurotransmitters) Each system works together to maintain homeostasis- the delicate balance ensuring the optimal conditions for life AWESOME VOCAB! Thermoregulation: process of maintaining a steady body temperature under a variety of conditions Endocrine System: a collection of physically disconnected organs that helps to control growth, development, and responses to your environment, such as body temperature Nervous System: physically connected network of cells, tissues, and organs that controls thought, movements, and simpler life processes such as swallowing Stimulus: something that causes a response Axon: a long extension that carries electrical messages away from the cell body and passes them to other cells Resting Potential: the difference in charge across the membrane AWESOME VOCAB! Addiction: the physiological need for a substance Hormones: chemical signals made by the endocrine system Dendrites: branchlike extensions of the cytoplasm and the cell membrane that receive messages from neighboring cells Action Potential: a moving electrical impulse Veins: blood vessels that carry blood from the rest of the body back to the heart Reflex Arcs: nerve pathways that need to cross only tow synapses before producing a response ABO Blood Group: type O has no protein marker and can be donated to a person with any other blood type. Type AB blood has both protein markers and can accept any type of blood Pulmonary Circulation: occurs only between the heart and the lungs