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Chapter 30
Examinations and Procedures
of Body Systems
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Urinary System
• Organs
– Kidneys, ureters, and bladder
• Functions of the kidneys
– Form and excrete urine
– Regulate water balance in the body
– Maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids
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Diseases and Disorders
• Signs and symptoms of disorders
– Dysuria, proteinuria, hematuria, pyuria, frequency,
urgency, oliguria, nocturia
– Other signs and symptoms
• UTI is the most common disorder of the
urinary system
– See Table 30-2 for other disorders
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Diagnostic Testing
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Urinalysis
Culture and sensitivity
Blood tests: BUN
Radiological exams
– IVP
– KUB radiograph
– Cystogram
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Diagnostic Testing
• Intravenous pyelogram
(IVP)
– Diagnostic x-ray
• Cystoscopy >>
– Views the urethra and
bladder through a lighted
scope
• Biopsy of the kidney
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Urinary Catheterization
• Reasons to catheterize patients
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Obtain a sterile specimen for analysis
Relieve urinary retention
Instill medication into the bladder
Measure the amount of post-void residual urine
• In some states, MAs may perform or assist
with catheterization
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Urinary Catheterization
• Equipment for
catheterization >>
• Types of
catheterizations
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Digestive System
• Functions of the digestive system
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Ingestion of food and breaking into particles
Passage of food through digestive system
Digestion through secretion of digestive enzymes
Absorption of nutrients into the blood stream
Defecation of solid waste products
• See the digestion system in action!
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Diseases and Disorders
• Signs and symptoms of disorders
– Include nausea, stomach cramps,
vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss,
indigestion
– Other signs and symptoms
• Diseases and disorders
– Include gastritis, gastroenteritis,
diverticulosis (>>), ulcers, hernias
– See Table 30-5
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Diagnostic Testing
• Upper GI series
Lower GI series
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Diagnostic Testing
• Sigmoidoscopy
– Diagnostic examination of
interior of sigmoid colon
– Preparing patients for
sigmoidoscopy
• May need to administer an
enema
– Proctosigmoidoscopy and
equipment >>
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Diagnostic Testing
• Colonoscopy
• Fecal occult blood test
>>
• Radiological studies of
the digestive tract
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Bariatrics
• Field of medicine that treats obesity and
conditions associated with obesity
• Bariatric surgery
– Performed to help treat obesity and help patients lose
weight
– “Banding” or “stapling” and gastric bypass surgery
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Sensory System
• The eye: organ of sight
– Common diseases and disorders
• See Tables 30-7 and 30-8
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Measuring Visual Acuity
• Distance visual acuity
– Snellen chart
• Near visual acuity
– Jaeger test
• Color vision
– Ishihara test
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Measuring Visual Acuity
Click Here to play the video
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Measuring Visual Acuity
• Recording visual acuity testing
– Numerator indicates 20-foot distance between patient
and chart
– Denominator indicates visual acuity of patient in
relationship to normal seeing eye
– Recorded as right eye, left eye, and both eyes
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Diagnostic Testing
• Procedures relating to the eye
– Eye instillation
– Eye patch dressing application
– Eye irrigation
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Sensory System
• The ear: organ of hearing and equilibrium
– Common diseases and disorders
• See Table 30-9
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Measuring Auditory Ability
• Tests performed by the provider
– Gross hearing tests
– Audiometry
• Tests performed by the medical assistant
– Audiometry
– Ear irrigation
– Ear instillation
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Sensory System
• The nose
– Assisting with nasal exams
– Cautery treatment of epistaxis
– Performing nasal installations
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Respiratory System
• Respiratory process
– External respiration and
internal respiration
– Gas exchange in the
lungs
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Diseases and Disorders
• Signs and symptoms
– Include dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, chills, fever,
wheezing, hoarseness, cough
• Common disorders
– See Tables 30-10 and 30-11
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Diagnostic Tests
• Common tests
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Auscultation of the chest
Sputum culture collection
Bronchoscopy
Spiral CT scan
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Pulmonary Function Testing
• Spirometry >>
– Measures lung capacity
• Peak Expiratory Flow
Rates
• Pulse Oximetry >>
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Inhalers
• Devices that deliver medication into the
lungs
• Types of inhalers
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Metered dose inhalers
Metered dose inhalers with spacers
Dry powder inhaler
Nebulizer
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Musculoskeletal System
• Coordinates the framework and movements
of the body
– Includes bones (206), joints, muscles (over 600) and
surrounding tissues
• Common diseases and disorders
– See Tables 30-12, 30-13, and 30-14
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Tests and Treatments
• Skeletal system tests
– Radiographs and visual exam techniques
– Bone biopsy
• Muscular system treatments
– Electromyostimulation
– Cold and hot therapy
– Physical therapy
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Fractures, Casts, and Cast Removal
• Closed fractures are often treated in the
ambulatory care setting
• Casting
– Short arm and long arm casts
– Long and short leg casts
– Patient education for cast care
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Nervous System
• Functions
– Coordinates activity of body systems
– Allows for the body to adapt to its internal and external
environment
• Common diseases, disorders and treatments
– See Tables 30-16 and 30-17
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Neurologic Examinations
• MA role in neurologic
exams
– Observe patient’s mental
state
– Assist the provider
• Equipment and
supplies >>
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Neurological Screening
• Components of a screening exam
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Mental status
Cranial nerve function
Cerebral function
Motor function
Sensory function
Deep tendon reflexes
Additional tests
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Circulatory System
• Functions
– Pump and transport blood to all body parts
– Supply oxygen to all body parts
– Remove waste products from body tissues
• Common disorders
– See Tables 30-18 and 30-19
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Blood and Lymph System
• Blood and lymph are excellent indicators of
disease
• Helps immune system function
• Common diseases and disorders
– See Tables 30-20 and 30-21
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Blood and Lymph System
• Common diagnostic tests
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Complete blood count
Differential
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Platelet count
Liver function studies
Shilling test
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Integumentary System
• Functions
– Provides protection
against invasion of
microorganisms and
trauma
– Regulates body
temperature
– Senses pressure, touch,
and pain
Layers of the skin >>
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Integumentary System
• Common diseases and disorders
– See Tables 30-22 and 30-23
• Diagnostic testing
– Biopsy of skin lesions and affected tissues
– Wound cultures
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Allergy Skin Testing
• Be prepared to treat emergencies
– Notify provider immediately
– Have patient lie down
– Have epinephrine, benadryl, corticosteroid injections
ready to be administered
– Check patient’s vital signs
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Allergy Skin Testing
• Types of tests
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Scratch test
Patch test
Intradermal test
Radioallergosorbent test (RAST)
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Endoscopic Procedures
• Endoscope: a device used to view hollow
cavities or organs
• Enables procedures to be done on internal
organs without surgical intervention
– See Table 30-24
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Endoscopic Procedures
• New technology in endoscopy
– Capsule video endoscopy
– Wireless capsule endoscopy
– PillCam
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.