Download 113287-ELD2_PPT_ch13.. - (www.forensicconsultation.org).

Exploring
Lifespan Development
Chapter 13
Physical and
Cognitive
Development in Early
Adulthood
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under
copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
 Any public performance or display, including
transmission of any image over a network;
 Preparation of any derivative work, including the
extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
 Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Senescence (biological aging)

Influences





genetic
lifestyle
environment
historical period
Multidimensional and multidirectional

average lifespan increased 20–25 years
over past century
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Theories of Biological Aging
DNA-Cellular Level

programmed effects
of specific genes



“aging genes”
telomere shortening
random events


Organ/Tissue Level



cross-linkage theory
gradual failure of
endocrine system
declines in immune
system functioning
mutations and cancer
free radicals
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Cardiovascular and
Respiratory Changes

Heart




few resting changes, lower performance
under stress
hypertension, atherosclerosis
diseases declining due to better lifestyle
Lungs


Maximum vital capacity declines after age 25.
Stiffness makes breathing harder with age.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Motor Performance
in Adulthood

Athletic skills peak between
ages 20 and 35.


Continued training slows
loss.

Sports and Recreation
decline gradually until sixties
or seventies, then faster
keep more vital capacity,
muscle, response speed
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
The Immune System
in Early Adulthood

Declines after age 20



fewer T cells from shrinking thymus
B cells don’t work as well without T cells
stress weakens immune response
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Reproductive Capacity


Parenthood in twenties seen as
ideal
Trend toward delaying childbirth



Fertility problems increase with
age.
Fertility drops sharply after age 44
for women.
Men show a gradual decrease in
fertility.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
RubberBall Productions
Causes of Overweight


Heredity
Environmental
pressures




cheap fat and sugar
supersize portions
busy lives (snacks, takeout)
Declining physical
activity
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
©Mariola Kraczowska/Dreamstime.com
Consequences of Overweight

Health Problems





Social discrimination



blood pressure, heart disease
diabetes
liver, gallbladder
sleep, digestive
housing
education, careers
Mistreatment
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Treating Obesity





Diet and exercise
Eating records
Social support
Problem-solving skills
Extended intervention
Sports and Recreation
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exercise

Only one third get enough.



at least 20 minutes of moderate exercise five
or more days a week
more often, more vigorous is better
About 40% of Americans are inactive.


women
low SES
Sports and Recreation
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Benefits of Exercise

Reduces fat, builds
muscle
Boosts immune system,
prevents some diseases
Cardiovascular benefits
Mental health benefits

stress reduction
 self-esteem
Longer life




©Simone Van Der Berg/Dreamstime.com
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Substance Use in
Early Adulthood




Peaks at 19–22 years, then declines
Up to 20% ages 21–25 are substance
abusers
Cigarettes, alcohol most common
Drugs




marijuana
stimulants
prescription drugs
party drugs
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Cigarette Smoking

About 24% of U.S. adults






numbers slowly declining
less with higher education, but many college
students smoke
more women smoking
Most smokers start before age 21.
Deadly health risks
Hard to quit

most in treatment programs restart
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Alcohol Abuse in
Early Adulthood

11% of men, 3% of women are
heavy drinkers





about one-third are alcoholics
Genetic, cultural factors in
alcoholism
Causes mental, physical problems
High social costs
Treatment is difficult

half relapse in months
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
©Ctacik/Dreamstime.com
Heterosexual Sexual
Activity in Early Adulthood


Most have intercourse by age 25.
Most sex in context of relationship



Sex infrequent



70% only one partner in past year
partners similar to each other
only 1/3 twice a week or more
more often in twenties, declines with age
Most are satisfied.

over 80% of those in relationships
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Homosexuality/Bisexuality
in Early Adulthood

Public acceptance growing


2.8% of men, 1.4% of women



majority say it’s “OK,” support civil
liberties, job opportunities
estimated 30% same-sex couples
do not report
Similar behavior to heterosexuals
Live in larger cities, college towns
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Gay Lifestyles
Dangers of Sex


In the United States, 1 in 4 will contract
an STD.
STDs


AIDS
Sexual coercion


rape
abuse
Lovers
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Factors Related to
Sexual Coercion
Perpetrator Characteristics
 believe traditional gender
roles
 approve violence against women;
accept rape myths
 perceive behavior inaccurately
 history of own abuse, promiscuity
 alcohol abuse
Cultural Forces
 men taught dominance,
competition, aggression
 women taught submission
 acceptance of violence
 aggressive pornography
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Consequences of Rape
and Sexual Abuse
Trauma response


Immediate shock
Long-term problems



depression
social anxiety
substance abuse
Physical injury
STDs
General ill health
Negative behaviors
RubberBall Productions
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
PMS

Physical and psychological symptoms


40% have some PMS



6–10 days before period
severe for 10–20%
Genetic factors
Diet, exercise, stress reduction, and
meds can help many.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Stress
Related to:




Environment
Economic hardship
Illness
Unhealthy behavior
Caused or worsened by:


Low SES
Challenges of early adulthood
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Stockbyte Royalty Free
Fostering a Healthy Adult Life







Healthy eating
Keep fit
Maintain reasonable weight
Control alcohol
No smoking
Responsible sex
Manage stress
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Cognitive Changes
in Early Adulthood



Piaget: postformal thought
Perry: epistemic cognition
Labouvie-Vief:


pragmatic thought
cognitive-affective complexity
Teens and Young Adults
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Development of
Epistemic Cognition



Dualistic thinking
Relativistic thinking
Commitment within relativistic thinking
Challenges, opportunities to reflect, and
peers all contribute to development.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Development of
Pragmatic Thought

Adulthood brings the chance to solve
real-world problems.




balancing roles
new ways of thinking
compromise
Cognitive-affective complexity grows.

adult emotional intelligence
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Emotional intelligence (EI)
 Ability to recognize and deal with one’s
feelings and the feelings of others

More important for success than IQ
Those who succeed:
Self-awareness (emotional awareness, accurate selfassessment, self-confidence)
Self-management (self-control, trustworthiness,
conscientiousness, adaptability, achievement drive,
initiative)
Social awareness (empathy, service orientation,
organizational awareness)
Relationship management (developing others,
exerting influence, communication, conflict
management, leadership, being catalyst for change,
building bonds, teamwork and collaboration)
Those who succeed:
Excelling in at least one of the competencies
seems to be a key to success in any job!
Emotional intelligence plays role in ability to
acquire and use tacit knowledge.
Related to Gardner’s intrapersonal and
interpersonal intelligences
However, difficult to measure the concept of
emotional intelligence
Expertise and Creativity

Expertise = acquisition of extensive
knowledge in a field



takes many years
affects information processing
Effects on creativity




move to problem finding
10-year rule
Creativity usually rises in early adulthood.
requires multiple qualities
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
The College Experience


Formative, influential
“developmental testing ground”
Exposure to new ideas, beliefs,
demands leads to cognitive
growth, new thinking patterns



relativistic thinking
increased self-understanding
Depends on participation in
campus life
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Photodisc Education 2
Education & Work
College- limited by factors (SES, family history,
parental support)
Factors supportive of Adjusting to college
 Family and financial support
 Adaptable
 High aptitude
 Good problem solving
 Actively engaged in studies
 Enjoy autonomous relationships with parents
 Independent
 Achievement orientated
 Ability to build peer relationships
Dropping Out of College


30–50% drop out
Personal factors



Institutional factors



preparation, motivation,
skills
financial problems, low SES
little help, community
cultural disrespect
Early support crucial
Photodisc Education 2
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Periods of
Vocational Development



Fantasy period
Tentative period
Realistic period


exploration
crystallization
DigitalVision
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Factors Influencing
Vocational Choice





©Markhunt/Dreamstime.com
Personality
Family influences
Teachers
Gender stereotypes
Access to
vocational
information
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Personality Types
and Vocational Choice






Investigative
Social
Realistic
Artistic
Conventional
Enterprising
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Meetings & Presentations
Vocational Preparation
of Non-College-Bound
U.S. high school graduates are poorly
prepared to work.

Lack vocational placement, counseling



fewer opportunities than in past
limited jobs
Work–study, apprenticeships can help


rare in the United States
Europe has model systems.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.