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Reishi and Immunity:
A Scientific Overview
Presented by Michael N. Chang, Ph.D.
Chief Scientific Advisor, Nu Skin Enterprises, Inc.
This material has been prepared by Pharmanex to be used in
conjunction with general educational events and activities only.
Alterations or modifications of this presentation without the
express approval of Pharmanex is prohibited.
The Human Immune System
...…is a complicated network of cells, antibodies and
proteins that serves following three main functions:
1. Removes waste and harmful material, to
ensure the normal function of the body.
2. Defends against pathogens - bacteria, fungi
and virus.
3. Kills and removes dead cells that have been
altered as a natural process of the cell
rejuvenation function.
… is delicately balanced by a very sophisticated
feedback regulation and control system
Immune Cells Recognize and Destroy:
Invading Organisms and Damaged Cells
Chemical message alerts
immune system that an
invader is present
Immune cell
“swallows” foreign
invader
Cell Surface Antigen
How does it work?
•
Pathogens, such as bacteria, fungus, virus, have carbohydrates
protruding outside of its surface.
•
Cells that have been altered during the normal cell rejuvenation
process also have carbohydrate antigens protruding.
Reishi Mushroom
Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) mushroom
is a fungus occurring as a shelf-like form
growing on trees and stumps in densely
wooded mountainous areas with high
moisture and low light.
The spores of Reishi have tough outer shells that
make it difficult to obtain the nutrients inside.
The rarity of Reishi is partly attributed to the
difficulty of germination.
Reishi Growing Process
Zoom in of Reishi body
1
3
2
1. Reishi body
2. Basidiomycete produces
sporidium
3. Mycelium
Growth of Basidiomycete
Types of Reishi
There are 62 types of Reishi, of which six are most common:
RED
BLACK
BLUE
WHITE
YELLOW
PURPLE
RED Reishi is preferred because it can produce the highest
quality extract and has been subject to the most scientific
evaluation
Cultivation of Reishi
In 1971, Yukio Naoi, a researcher of the Kyoto University
in Japan, successfully developed the artificial cultivation of
Reishi, which resulted in reproducible and consistent
production of Reishi.
Compounds Identified in Reishi Mushrooms
Compound
Function
Polysaccharides Supports immunity, reinforces liver function,
and supports insulin secretion
Nourishes the liver, maintains cholesterol
Triterpenes
already within a healthy range
Supports normal blood flow
Nucleosides
Supports healthy histamine levels
Fatty Acids
Replenishes nutrients
Amino Acids,
Vitamins,
Minerals
Reishi Spores
•
•
These highly active substances are the essence of Reishi
They are the reproductive cells that are released at maturity
•
However, Reishi spores are protected by an extremely hard shell
which prevent us from optimally absorbing the actives
Traditional Use
Reishi, also known as Lingzhi, is one of the most valued herbal products
in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
Reishi’s earliest herbal remedies were recorded between
206 B.C. - 8 A.D.
In Taiwan, families often give
Reishi to their aging grandparents
Clinical Research Approach for Reishi
•
The polysaccharides of Reishi can support our immune
system.
•
It is generally recognized that certain polysaccharides
cannot be absorbed by the human body.
•
When our intestine senses the presence of certain
polysaccharides, receptors within our body will create a
series of signals which then stimulate the body to carry out
biological actions that support the immune system.
Research Findings: Reishi Mushroom & Extracts
•
Cell support
•
Immune system support
•
Liver support
•
Nervous system support
•
Cardiovascular protection and blood sugar
support
Pre-Clinical Studies
Animal and in vitro studies have shown that Reishi
extracts:
•
Supports activity of lymphocytes and natural killer (NK)
cells
•
Supports activity of cytokines and macrophages
•
Supports healthy, normal histamine release from mast
cells
Wang SY, et al. 1997;70(6):699-705. Lu Z, Lin ZB. 1994 International Symposium on Ganoderma Research,
October 24-26, 1994, Beijing Medical University, Beijing , China, Program and Abstracts, p. 82.
Clinical Studies
In clinical studies, Reishi extracts have been shown to:
•
Supports healthy levels of immune cells and antibodies
•
Improve vigor and appetite
Kupin, V. (1992). The 4th International Symposium on Ganoderma lucidum, Hyatt Regency hotel, June 10, 1992, Seoul,
Korea, Program and Abstracts, pp. 36-39. Yang QY, Wang, M. M. (1996). 1996 Taipei International Ganoderma Research
Conference, Taipei International Convention Center (TICC), August 15-15, 1996, Abstracts, Special Lecture.
Application for Reishi
•
Reishi supports the immune system’s ability to recognize
unwanted organisms and cells that may have been
damaged as a normal effect of the cell rejuvenation
function.
•
Reishi supports optimal health
• supports the body’s formation of antibodies
• supports the body’s ability to proliferate immune cells
• modulates the function of Natural Killer (NK) cells
Optimal Immune System Support
Presented by Jia-Shi Zhu, M.D., Ph.D.
Director of Clinical and Pharmacology Affairs,
Pharmanex, LLC
Scientifically Proven
Health Benefits
• Supports healthy immune
system functions*
• Stimulates proliferation of
defensive immune cells in
your body, including NK
cells*
* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This
product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
 Use of the best Reishi species:
RED Reishi or Ganoderma lucidum
 Use of the best Reishi cultivation method:
solid tree trunk, organic cultivation for 120-200
days
 Free of pesticides, free of heavy metals, and no
unwanted microbial contamination
Use of
Pharmanex’
proprietary
manufacturing
process
to extract active
components
from Reishi
Cracked Reishi Spores
Reishi spores
100% Cracked spores
— 3000X magnification
under an electronic microscope
Proprietary Formula
• Contains 1% Reishi spores
(100% cracked)
• Standardized to
– 6% Reishi triterpenes
– 13.5% Reishi polysaccharides
ReishiMax Pre-Clinical
Studies
A recent comparative study
demonstrated supportive immune
functions by ReishiMax:
•
Supports the formation of
antibodies*
•
Supports proliferation of immune
cells*
•
Supports NK cell functions*
* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This
product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
ReishiMax supports humoral
immune functions*
Serum IgG (mg/ml)
1.6
p<0.01 by ANOVA
1.4
1.2
1.0
+25%
+27%
+15%
0.8
0.6
0.4
+25%
p=0.01
0.2
0.0
Placebo
0.585
1.170
2.925
ReishiMax GLP
By Medical Institute at National Taiwan University
* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This
product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
0.585 (g/kg)
Other
Reishi
Interleukin-2 (pg/ml)
ReishiMax supports cellmediated immune functions*
5000
p<0.001 by ANOVA
4000
+822%
3000
2000
+799%
+405%
p=0.12
1000
0
Placebo
0.585
1.170
2.925
ReishiMax GLP
By Medical Institute at National Taiwan University
* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This
product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
0.585 (g/kg)
Other
Reishi
Higher Amount of Actives
Other Reishi product
mAU
GA
200
100
0
0
10
ReishiMax
mAU
20
30
40
50
min
GA
Ganoderol acid DM-std
Ganoderol B
100
50
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
min
Recent Publications
ReishiMax GLp contains unique
polysaccharides that are responsible
for immune supporting activities
• Conducted by Pharmanex SAB member Chi-Huey Wong
at Academia Sinica in Taiwan
• Published: Wang YY, Wong CH, et al. Bioorganic &
Medicinal Chemistry 2002;10:1057-1062.
Three new active compounds (lanostanoids)
identified in Reishi
• Conducted by Pharmanex Scientists
- J. Chang, M. Chang, and others.
• Published: Ma J, Ye Q, et al. Journal of Natural Products
2002;65(1):72-75.
Higher Solubility
90%
90%
71%
80%
70%
51%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
ReishiMax
Reishi A
Reishi B
By Pharmanex Research Center at Shanghai Medical University
Competitive Advantage








6S process
Best natural Red Reishi species
Organic cultivation
Cracked spores
Proprietary manufacturing
technology
Highest level of actives on the
market
Scientifically proven
Health food license granted by
Taiwan DOH
Recommended Usage
Take twice daily with meals:
• 1 capsule each time for
health maintenance
• 2 capsules each time for
immune modulation
Safe and well tolerated at
the recommended dosage
Taken together, ReishiMax and Tegreen
provide a comprehensive cellular health
maintenance program*
* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This
product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
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