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Stress, Health, and Coping This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: • any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; • preparation of any derivative work, including extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; • any rental, lease, or lending of the program. “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Health Psychology The field concerned with the promotion of health and the prevention and treatment of illness as it relates to psychological factors “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Stress The general term describing the psychological and bodily response to a stimulus that alters the body’s state of equilibrium Stressor Acute stressor Chronic stressor Stress response “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 ________ psychology is primarily concerned with the treatment and prevention of illness as it relates to psychological factors. A) Medical B) Clinical C) Biological D) Social E) Health “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 ________ psychology is primarily concerned with the treatment and prevention of illness as it relates to psychological factors. A) Medical B) Clinical C) Biological D) Social E) Health “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Biology of Stress The alarm phase Fight-or-flight response Or Tend-and-Befriend Biology The resistance phase Adaptation The exhaustion phase “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Hans Selye pioneered a model which describes the body's response to stress. Which of the following choices reflect the three phases of his model? A) acute, chronic, and fight-or-flight B) alarm, resistance, and exhaustion C) fight, flight, and panic D) exhaustion, panic, and calm E) General Adaptation Syndrome “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Hans Selye pioneered a model which describes the body's response to stress. Which of the following choices reflect the three phases of his model? A) acute, chronic, and fight-or-flight B) alarm, resistance, and exhaustion C) fight, flight, and panic D) exhaustion, panic, and calm E) General Adaptation Syndrome “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Allostasis The multiple biological changes that allow you to adapt to stressors so your body functions within a comfortable range Allostatic load “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 An example of an acute stressor is ________. A) being injured in a car crash B) having cancer C) being underfed D) overcrowding E) chronic isolation “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 An example of an acute stressor is ________. A) being injured in a car crash B) having cancer C) being underfed D) overcrowding E) chronic isolation “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 As Olina started her job, her supervisors kept her work load low. As she progressed on the job, they increased her load. With each increase came an added level of stress, but Olina learned to handle it. As the number and intensity of stressors increased, Olina adjusted her ________. A) alarm response B) stress response C) stress load D) allostatic load E) exhaustion response “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 As Olina started her job, her supervisors kept her work load low. As she progressed on the job, they increased her load. With each increase came an added level of stress, but Olina learned to handle it. As the number and intensity of stressors increased, Olina adjusted her ________. A) alarm response B) stress response C) stress load D) allostatic load E) exhaustion response “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sources of Stress Cognitive appraisal Primary appraisal Secondary appraisal Coping Perceived control Control mismatch Predictability “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Miranda is questioning whether her upcoming business trip, where she must travel through an area with many mountains, will pose a danger for her. As such, this example illustrates ________. A) a stress reaction B) coping C) primary appraisal D) secondary appraisal E) psychological control “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Miranda is questioning whether her upcoming business trip, where she must travel through an area with many mountains, will pose a danger for her. As such, this example illustrates ________. A) a stress reaction B) coping C) primary appraisal D) secondary appraisal E) psychological control “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sources of Stress Internal conflict Conflict Approach-approach conflict Avoidance-avoidance conflict Approach-avoidance conflict Life’s hassles Daily hassles Interruptions “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sources of Stress Work-related factors Environmental factors Lighting, noise, crowding Floor plan Job-related factors Demand-control model Air traffic controllers Burnout Workplace violence Economics “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The demand-control model examines ________. A) the relationship between job demands, control over how the job gets done, and stress B) how one attempts to control various life demands C) the manner by which individuals try to prevent demands being placed on them from others D) how individuals attempt to juggle job and personal demands E) the demands that unrealistic feelings of control exerts on the heart Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 “ The demand-control model examines ________. A) the relationship between job demands, control over how the job gets done, and stress B) how one attempts to control various life demands C) the manner by which individuals try to prevent demands being placed on them from others D) how individuals attempt to juggle job and personal demands E) the demands that unrealistic feelings of control exerts on the heart Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 “ Hostility A personality trait characterized by mistrust, an expectation of harm and provocation by others, and a cynical attitude Associated with heart disease Gender differences Anger management programs “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Immune System White blood cells B cells T cells Natural killer cells Glucocorticoids and stress Psychoneuroimmunology Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Immune System Cancer Immune system suppression and NK cells Stress Perception of control Heart disease Stress and blood pressure Atherosclerosis Depression and heart disease (broken heart syndrome) Anxiety and heart disease “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Health-Impairing Behaviors Behaviors that can damage health Smoking Substance abuse Poor nutrition Lack of exercise Unsafe sex Driving under the influence “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Health-Impairing Behaviors Why we do it? Lack of knowledge Perceived risk Perceived severity Illusion of invulnerability “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 A fairly common reason why we might engage in health-impairing behaviors is due to ________. A) low self-esteem B) indifference C) ignorance D) a sense of invulnerability E) a desire to engage in selfdestructive behavior “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 A fairly common reason why we might engage in health-impairing behaviors is due to ________. A) low self-esteem B) indifference C) ignorance D) a sense of invulnerability E) a desire to engage in selfdestructive behavior “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Health-Impairing Behaviors Changing health-impairing behaviors Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Health-Impairing Behaviors Processes that encourage change Consciousness raising Social liberation Emotional arousal Self-reevaluation “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Wardah is a faithful smoker. She has no intentions of quitting. Which stage of change is Wardah in? A) precontemplation B) action C) bargaining D) maintenance E) preparation “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Wardah is a faithful smoker. She has no intentions of quitting. Which stage of change is Wardah in? A) precontemplation B) action C) bargaining D) maintenance E) preparation “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Coping Strategies Problem-focused strategies Active coping Planning Instrumental social support Suppression of competing activities Restraint coping “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Coping Strategies Emotion-focused strategies Emotional social support Venting emotions Positive reinterpretation/growth Behavioral disengagement Mental disengagement “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Which of the following is NOT an example of a problem-focused coping strategy? A) suppression of competing activities B) active coping C) instrumental social support D) positive reinterpretation/growth E) planning “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Which of the following is NOT an example of a problem-focused coping strategy? A) suppression of competing activities B) active coping C) instrumental social support D) positive reinterpretation/growth E) planning “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Coping Strategies Thought suppression For the next 30 seconds, do not think of an elephant Rebound effect Humor Immune system effects “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Coping Strategies Aggression Environmental factors Depression Pain Hostile attribution bias Aggressive tendencies Gender differences Self-esteem Narcissism “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality and Coping Hardy personality Commitment Control Challenges Optimism Pessimism True pessimism Defensive pessimism Avoiders vs. nonavoiders Genes and coping “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Libby believes that the future is up to her. She knows that she has control over what happens to her and sees every day as an opportunity to learn something new. Libby has a(n) ________ personality. A) hardy B) pessimistic C) aggressive D) melancholic E) all of the above “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Libby believes that the future is up to her. She knows that she has control over what happens to her and sees every day as an opportunity to learn something new. Libby has a(n) ________ personality. A) hardy B) pessimistic C) aggressive D) melancholic E) all of the above “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Coping and Social Support Social support affects… Survival Depression Immune system Perceived social support Enacted social support “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Elizabeth hears that her neighbors' son just died. She decides to bring them dinner. This is an example of ________ social support. A) emotional B) indirect C) direct D) perceived E) enacted “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Elizabeth hears that her neighbors' son just died. She decides to bring them dinner. This is an example of ________ social support. A) emotional B) indirect C) direct D) perceived E) enacted “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Mind-Body Interventions Common mind-body interventions Hypnosis Meditation Yoga Biofeedback Visual imagery Cognitive therapy Stress management/relaxation induction Prayer Tai chi Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 “ Effects of Mind-Body Interventions Research results Improved mood and immune response Increased lung functioning Improved control of pain Decreased stress and emotional distress Fewer subsequent heart problems Placebo effects as a mind-body intervention “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Gender, Culture, and Coping Gender differences and stress levels Cultural contexts Crowding Social support “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 John and Seth both just moved to New York City. John is a native of Tokyo and Seth has lived his life in a rural town in Iowa. Seth finds it much more difficult to cope with highdensity living conditions than does John. Based on this information, it is MOST likely that the effects of ________ help to explain this difference. A) race B) gender C) personality D) culture E) religion “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 John and Seth both just moved to New York City. John is a native of Tokyo and Seth has lived his life in a rural town in Iowa. Seth finds it much more difficult to cope with highdensity living conditions than does John. Based on this information, it is MOST likely that the effects of ________ help to explain this difference. A) race B) gender C) personality D) culture E) religion “ Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007