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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
SIXTEENTH EDITION
James N. Butcher/ Jill M. Hooley/ Susan Mineka
Chapter 2
Historical and Contemporary
Views of Abnormal Behavior
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Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior
Egyptian
surgery and
prayers
Ancient
Treatment
Stone Age
trephining
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Demonology, Gods, and Magic
Abnormal
behavior due to
possession by
good or evil
spirits
Early
Writings
Chinese,
Egyptians,
Hebrews, and
Greeks
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Hippocrates
Hippocrates’ Early Medical Concepts
Proposing that mental disorders
had natural causes
Categorizing disorders as mania,
melancholia, or phrenitis
Associating dreams and personality
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Plato (429–347 B.C.)
Early Philosophical Conceptions of
Consciousness
Viewed psychological phenomena as
responses of the whole organism
Emphasized individual differences and
sociocultural influences
Discussed hospital care
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Aristotle
Early Philosophical Conceptions of
Consciousness
Wrote lasting description
of consciousness
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Later Greek and Roman Thought
Egyptians
proposed
wide range of
therapeutic
measures
Roman
medicine
focused on
comfort
Galen
provided
anatomy of
nervous
system
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Early Views of Mental Disorders
in China
China
One of earliest foci on mental disorders
Emphasis on natural causes
Chung Ching: “Hippocrates of China”
Incorporation of ideas from Western
psychiatry in last 50 years
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Views of Abnormality During
the Middle Ages
Fear of
witchcraft
now
questioned
Middle East
had scientific
approach
Europe was
plagued with
mass madness
and treatment
included
exorcism
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Toward Humanitarian Approaches
Resurgence of
Scientific
Questioning in
Europe
Establishment of
Early Asylums
Humanitarian
Reform
Nineteenth Century
Views of Causes
and Treatments of
Mental Disorders
Changing Attitudes
Toward Mental
Health in Early
Twentieth Century
Mental Hospital
Care in TwentyFirst Century
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Renaissance
The Resurgence of Scientific
Questioning in Europe
Led to resurgence
of scientific
questioning in
Europe
Part of humanism
movement
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Sixteenth Century
The Establishment
of Early Asylums
Establishment
of early
asylums
Prisons or
storage
places with
filthy
conditions
and cruel
patient
treatment
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Humanitarian Reform
Humanitarian
Reform
France
Philippe Pinel
England
William Tuke
America
Benjamin Rush
Dorothy Dix
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Nineteenth-Century Views of Mental
Disorders
Alienists
Gained
control of
asylums
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Touted
morality as
important to
good mental
health
Changing Attitudes
Toward Mental Health in
the Early Twentieth Century
Clifford
Beers
Described
own mental
collapse in A
Mind That
Found Itself
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Began
campaign for
reform
Mental Hospital Care
in the Twenty-First Century
1940: most
mental
hospitals
inhumane
and
ineffective
1946:
National
Institute of
Mental
Health
1946: Ward
published
The Snake
Pit
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1963:
Community
Health
Services
Act
1946: Hill–
Burton Act
The Emergence of Contemporary Views of
Abnormal Behavior
Recent changes
• Biological discoveries
• Development of mental disorders
classification system
• Emergence of psychological causation
views
• Experimental psychological research
developments
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Establishing the Link Between
the Brain and Mental Disorder
Technological
discoveries
Understanding
increased
Scientific
advancements
Discovery of
connection between
general paresis and
syphilis
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Kraepelin
The Development of a Classification System
Compendium der
Psychiatrie (1883):
forerunner to DSM
Specific types of mental
disorders identified
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Mesmerism
Development of the Psychological Basis
of Mental Disorder
Diseases treated by
“animal magnetism”
Source of heated
discussion in early
nineteenth century
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Nancy School
Development of the Psychological Basis
of Mental Disorder
Hysteria could be
caused and removed by
hypnosis
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Sigmund Freud
(1856–1939)
Development of the Psychological Basis
of Mental Disorder
First major steps toward
understanding psychological
factors in mental disorders
Psychoanalytic perspective
Emphasizes inner dynamics
of unconscious motives
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Development of the Psychological Basis
of Mental Disorder
Catharsis
The
unconscious
Psychoanalysis
Free
association
Dream
analysis
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Experimental Psychology
Wilhelm
Wundt: First
experimental
psychological
laboratory
Lightner
Witmer: First
American
psychological
clinic
J. McKeen
Cattell:
Wundt’s
methods to
U.S.
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First
psychological
journals
Classical
Conditioning
The Behavioral Perspective
Ivan Pavlov
John B. Watson
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Operant
Conditioning
The Behavioral Perspective
E. L. Thorndike
B. F. Skinner
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Unresolved Issues
Interpretation of historical events
and influence of biases
Controversy over importance and
relevance of some historical events
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