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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
SIXTEENTH EDITION
James N. Butcher/ Jill M. Hooley/ Susan Mineka
Chapter 3
Causal Factors and Viewpoints
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Causes and Risk Factors for
Abnormal Behavior
Necessary,
sufficient, and
contributory causes
Study of causes and
risk factors for
abnormal behavior
includes:
Feedback and
bidirectionality in
abnormal behavior
Diathesis-stress
models
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Necessary, Sufficient, and
Contributory Causes
Etiology: Causal pattern of
abnormal behavior
Necessary cause
Sufficient cause
Contributory cause
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Figure 3.1: Abnormal Behavior:
Types of Causes
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Necessary, Sufficient, and
Contributory Causes
It is important to
distinguish between
distal causal factors
proximal (immediate)
causal factors
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Feedback and Bidirectionality in
Abnormal Behavior
In the study of abnormal psychology, why
can it be difficult to specify which conditions
are causes and which are effects?
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Diathesis-Stress Models
Diathesis:
Relatively distal
necessary or
contributory cause
that is not sufficient
to cause disorder
Stress: Response
of individual to
taxing demands
Diathesisstress models:
Combination
of diathesis
and stress to
cause disorder
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Figure 3.2: Diathesis Stress Model
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Diathesis-Stress Models
Resilience: Ability to
successfully adapt to
very difficult
circumstances
Protective factors:
Influences that
modify person’s
response
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Viewpoints for Understanding
the Causes of Abnormal Behavior
Contemporary
views
Functions
Definition
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Biological Viewpoint and
Causal Factors
Traditional
biological viewpoint
Current viewpoint
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Biological Viewpoint and Causal Factors
Four categories of biological factors
relevant to maladaptive behavior
include:
Neurotransmitter
and hormonal
abnormalities in
brain
Genetic
vulnerabilities
Temperament
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Brain
dysfunction and
neural plasticity
Neurotransmitter and Hormonal
Abnormalities
Do you know how neurons communicate?
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Figure 3.4: Neurotransmission and Abnormal
Behavior
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Neurotransmitter and Hormonal
Abnormalities
Neurotransmitter brain
abnormalities can result
in abnormal behavior
Some forms of
psychopathology have
also been linked to
hormonal abnormalities
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Figure 3.5: Major Glands of
Endocrine System
One particularly
important set of
interactions occurs in the
hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis (shown in
red arrows)
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Genetic Vulnerabilities
True or False?
Heredity is important predisposing causal
factor for number of disorders.
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Figure 3.6:
Human Chromosome Pairs
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The Relationship of Genotypes
to Phenotypes
Genotype:
• Total genetic
endowment
Phenotype:
• Observed
structural and
functional
characteristics
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Genotype–Environment Correlations
Individual’s
genotype may
shape
environment in
the following
ways:
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Passive
effect
Evocative
effect
Active
effect
The Relationship of Genotypes
to Phenotypes
Genotype-environment interaction:
• People with different
genotypes
may be differentially sensitive
or susceptible to their
environments
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Methods for Studying
Genetic Influences
Family history
method
Traditional
methods
Twin method
Adoption
method
More recent
methods
Linkage
analysis
Association
studies
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Temperament
Temperament:
Child’s reactivity and
characteristic ways
of self-regulation
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Early temperament
is basis from which
personality develops
Five Dimensions of Temperament
Fearfulness
Irritability
and
frustration
Positive
affect
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Activity
level
Attentional
persistence
and effortful
control
Brain Dysfunction and
Neural Plasticity
True or False?
1. Subtle deficiencies of brain function
are rarely implicated in mental disorders.
2.Genetic programs for brain
development are not as rigid and
deterministic as was once believed.
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Figure 3.7: Bidirectional Influences
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Impact of
Biological Viewpoint
Effect of drugs
Ambiguity in mental
disorder definition
Effect of CNS
mediation
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The Psychological Viewpoints
Psychodynamic
CognitiveBehavioral
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Behavioral
The Psychodynamic Perspectives
Id
Freud theorized
that a person’s
behavior results
from interaction of:
Ego
Superego
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The Psychodynamic Perspectives
Ego often deals with neurotic or moral
anxiety by resorting to ego-defense
mechanisms
How many of these defense
mechanisms can you identify?
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Ego-Defense Mechanisms
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Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral stage (ages 0 to 2)
Anal stage (ages 2 to 3)
Freud conceptualized five
psychosexual stages of development
Phallic stage (ages 3 to 5 or 6)
Latency period (ages 6 to 12)
Genital stage (after puberty)
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The Oedipus Complex and
the Electra Complex
Oedipus
complex
Electra
complex
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Newer Psychodynamic Perspectives
Ego psychology
Attachment
theory
Object-relations
theory
Interpersonal
perspective
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The Behavioral Perspective
What provides the central theme of the
behavioral approach?
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Figure 3.9: Classical Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
So…
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If conditioned
stimulus is
repeatedly
presented without
unconditioned
stimulus,
extinction will
occur
Instrumental Conditioning
Instrumental (or operant) conditioning: New
responses are learned and tend to reoccur
if they are reinforced
Can you provide an example?
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Generalization and Discrimination
Generalization:
Response is conditioned
to one stimulus and can
be evoked by other
similar stimuli
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reserved.
Discrimination: Learning
to distinguish between
similar stimuli
Observational Learning
• Learning through
observation alone
Observational
learning:
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• Without directly
experiencing an
unconditioned
stimulus
The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective
Focuses on how
thoughts and
information processing
become distorted
Cognitive-behavioral
perspective
Leads to maladaptive
emotions and behavior
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The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective
Schema:
• Underlying
representation
of knowledge
that guides
current
processing of
information
Attributions:
• Process of
assigning
causes to
things that
happen
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Attributional
style:
• Characteristic
way in which
individual may
tend to assign
causes to bad
or good events
What the Adoption of a Perspective
Does Do
REMEMBER
• All perspectives contribute to an
understanding of
psychopathology, but none can
provide a complete explanation!
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What the Adoption of a Perspective
Does Not Do
Adoption of
perspective influences:
• Perception of maladaptive
behavior
• Types of evidence sought
• Data interpretation
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Figure 3.10: Three Major Psychological
Perspectives on Alcohol Dependence
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Psychological Causal Factors
Psychological
factors
Causal
factors
Do you
know the
difference?
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Early Deprivation or Trauma
Depriving essential
resources
Institutionalization
Neglect and abuse
at home
Separation from
parents
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Figure 3.12: Viewpoints on Parental Deprivation
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Inadequate Parenting Styles
Consequences
to children
Causes
Let’s take a closer look on the next slide.
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reserved.
Figure 3.13: Parenting Styles
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Marital Discord and Divorce
Long-standing
marital discord
• Effects and
outcomes
Divorce
• Effects and
outcomes
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Maladaptive Peer Relationships
Peer exclusion
or abuse
Cyberbullying
Proactive and
reactive
aggression in
bullying
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The Sociocultural Viewpoint
Sociocultural factors
and human
development and
behavior
Sociocultural
Viewpoint
Individual personality
development and
norms and values of
larger society
Society-specific
stressors specific
and mental disorders
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Uncovering Sociocultural Factors
Through Cross-Cultural Studies
Sociocultural viewpoint is
concerned with:
•
•
•
•
•
Impact of culture on mental disorders
Universality of some disorders
Prevalence rates across cultures
Norms for behavior control across cultures
Parent-child attachment across cultures
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Sociocultural Causal Factors
Can you identify the sociocultural
factors associated with greater risk for
various disorders?
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Low Socioeconomic Status
and Unemployment
In the U.S., the lower the socioeconomic
class, the higher the incidence of mental
disorders
Why do you think this occurs?
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Prejudice and Discrimination in Race,
Gender, and Ethnicity
Increased prevalence of certain
mental disorders may be related
to:
Prejudice against
minority groups
and women
Perceived
discrimination
and self-esteem
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Social Change and Uncertainty
Rate and
pervasiveness of
change
Change and
stress
National and
global crises and
predisposition to
mental illness
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Urban Stressors:
Violence and Homelessness
Rapid urban growth
• Violence
• Higher rate of mental
illnesses
• Homelessness
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The Impact of the
Sociocultural Viewpoint
What was previously an almost exclusive
concern with individuals has broadened to
include societal, communal, and familiar
factors related to mental health.
What impact might this have on society?
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Unresolved Issues
None of the current theories
• Address whole spectrum of abnormality
Eclectic approach
• Not successful at theoretical level
Biopsychosocial perspective
• Only current attempt at unified approach
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