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Chapter 17: Therapy
Overview of
Modern Therapy
What are the two major approaches to
therapy?
 List the four types of psychotherapy.
 What is the role of the therapist in
humanistic therapy?
 What is the major difference between
humanistic and cognitive therapy?

Definition of treatment

When is treatment
necessary?

Inpatient vs.
outpatient

Psychotherapy vs.
biomedical
Modern Therapy
 The
–
–
Medical Model
“Madness” is a mental illness that can be
diagnosed, treated, and cured
Has links to modern insights into genetic
causes of disorders and modern
biomedical treatments
Modern Therapy
 The
Bio-Psycho-Social Model
Behavior is the result of interaction
between nature and nurture
– To attribute a disorder to “illness” is to
say that the cause is purely internal
–
Modern Therapy
 Two
–
approaches:
Psychotherapy
 A planned,
emotionally charged
interaction between a trained, socially
sanctioned healer and the sufferer
Modern Therapy
 Two
–
approaches:
Biomedical Therapy
 Drug
therapies and medical procedures
designed to cure the mental illness
Modern Therapy
 Psychotherapies:
Over 250 types of psychotherapies
exist
– The most influential:
–
 Psychoanalysis
 Humanistic
}
Therapy
 Cognitive Therapy
 Behavior Therapy
Insight
Therapy
Modern Therapy
 Biomedical
Treatments:
Drug Therapy
– Electro-convulsive shock therapy
– Psychosurgery
–
Modern Therapy
Psychoanalysis
 Assumptions:
Psychological problems are fueled by
repressed impulses and conflicts
– Analysis brings these thoughts to the
surface which relieves the sufferer of
anxiety
–
Psychoanalysis

Methods:
–
Historical reconstruction

–
Free association



–
Unearth the cause of conflict by reconstructing the past
Say whatever comes to mind on a given topic
Therapist looks for “resistance” in the form of hesitation,
jokes, self-editing, or embarrassment
Therapist interprets the underlying meaning of the
resistance
Transference

Directing your hidden feelings and wishes towards your
therapist
Psychoanalysis
 Criticisms:
Based on the assumption that
repressed memories exist
– Interpretations are hard to refute
– Takes a lot of time and money
–
Humanistic Therapy
Humanistic Therapy
 Assumptions:
People have an inherent potential for
self-fulfillment
– Helping people grow in selfawareness is the key to mental
health
–
Humanistic Therapy
 Methods:
–
Client Centered Therapy
 Non-directive
 Genuineness,
acceptance, empathy
 Active listening
Humanistic Therapy
 Criticisms:
One cannot be totally nondirective
– Overly optimistic about human nature
– Cannot help in severe cases
–
Cognitive Therapy
 Assumptions:
–
Thinking greatly colors feelings and
actions

Between stimulus and
response there is a space.
In that space is our power
to choose our response. In
our response lies our
growth and our freedom.
Viktor E. Frankl

Everything can be taken from
a man or a woman but one
thing: the last of human
freedoms to choose one's
attitude in any given set of
circumstances, to choose
one's own way.
Viktor E. Frankl
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive-behavior
interatction
Belief: “I’m not a
good test taker”
Causes
Reinforces
Action: Anxietyinduced poor
test
performance
Cognitive Therapy
 Methods:
–
Rational-emotive therapy
 Works
to uncover
irrationalities in thought
–
Cognitive-behavior therapy
 Addresses
destructive cycle
of thoughts and actions
Cognitive Therapy
 Criticisms:
Not effective for severe cases
– Lack of patient buy-in could cause
progress to fail after therapy
–
Behavior Therapies
 Assumptions:
The behavior is the problem
– Doubt the healing power of selfawareness
–
Behavior Therapies
 Methods:
–
Classical Conditioning
 Systematic
desensitization
 Aversive conditioning
–
Operant Conditioning
 Token
economy
Behavior Therapies

Criticisms:
–
–
–
Does not get to the root of
the problem
“Cure” only effective during
treatment, when
reinforcement stops so will
appropriate behavior
Ethical concerns of behavior
modification?
Biomedical Therapy
 Drug
therapy
Anti-psychotics
– Anti-anxiety
– Anti-depressants
–
Biomedical Therapy
 Electro-convulsive
(ECT)
 Psycho-surgery
–
Lobotomy
shock therapy
Biomedical Therapy
 Criticisms
Addresses symptoms without
addressing the cause
– By itself, not as effective in long term
behavior correction
–