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Operant Conditioning Classical v. Operant Conditioning Classical Reflexive Behavior Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination Operant Voluntary Behavior Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination History of Behaviorism Classical Conditioning: Pavlov, Watson, Rescorla Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) Animal Intelligence – Cats Trial and Error Learning Instrumental Conditioning Law of Effect B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) Susquehanna, Pennsylvania B.A. in English M.A. from Harvard in 1930 Ph.D. from Harvard in 1931 1936 @ U of Minnesota 1945 @ U of Indiana 1948 @ Harvard Died in 1990 of Leukemia “Operant” Operant Behaviour: a type of behaviour that operates on the environment to have a particular effect. Operant Conditioning: a form of learning whereby voluntary behaviour comes to be controlled by consequences. Skinner Box Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning SD Discriminative Stimulus Operant Conditioning Voluntary “Operant” Operant Conditioning Punishment Reinforcement Positive Negative Give Positive Reinforcement Positive Punishment Take Away Negative Punishment Negative Reinforcement Positive Give Take Away Negative Operant Conditioning Tell Joke In Class Laugh Operant Conditioning Students Take Notes Professor Talks Better Grades Positive Give Take Away Negative Operant Conditioning Take Aspirin Headache Relief Operant Conditioning Put seat belt on Car buzzing Relief Positive Give Take Away Negative Positive Punishment Operant Conditioning Eat Too Fast Food at Table Pain Operant Conditioning Say something Inappropriate Social Situation Embarrassment Positive Give Take Away Negative Punishment Negative Operant Conditioning Drive to Fast On Highway Money Taken Away Operant Conditioning Tantrum At Home… Timeout Further Distinctions Immediate versus delayed reinforcement Further Distinctions Generalized Reinforcers Further Distinctions Primary Versus Secondary Reinforcers Further Distinctions Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Learned Industriousness Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reinforcement Lepper, Green, & Nisbett (1973) Cameron & Pierce (1994) meta-analysis 96 studies Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reinforcement Cameron & Pierce (1994) no effect - except when… reward is 1) expected 2) tangible (money) 3) based on performance (not quality of performance)