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Where We Are • Previously -introduction, definitions, ways of knowing, hard problem, survey of thought • Today -methods of neuroscience and neuronal correlates of consciousness • To follow -states of consciousness, illusions and magic, psychotherapy, free will, music, art and …… Types of Data • Third person, objective, measured from outside, subject to measurement error; examples temperature, weight, speed, relative location • First person, subjective, measured from within, not verifiable; examples feeling, a percept, idea William James • Empirical study of consciousness should include introspection and not rely just on third party observations like behavior • Find quote from revolution • Supplanted in 20th century by behaviorism Behaviorism • Work of Watson and Skinner • Man is a machine that is governed classical conditioning and operant conditioning • Examples Pavlov’s dog and reward response • Materialistic view Current Methods • Combine both first and third person reporting • Have to agree that there is something to be like yourself and that is reportable • Qualia, internally subjective aspect of our mental lives Examination of Structure • Comparative anatomy with animals and between individuals • Morphologic changes due to injury • Phrenology, ethnology (racism) • Histopathology (microscopic changes) • Histochemistry (localization of molecules) Structure • • • • • Angiography X-Ray CT scan Nuclear scan MRI Examination of Function • • • • • • Physical examination Intracranial pressure Electrical activity (EEG) Direct electrical or magnetic stimulation Evoked potentials (somatosensory) PET scans (metabolism) Function • • • • fMRI Direct reading from implanted electrodes Psychometric testing Subject reporting (can require specific training) fMRI example • url http://www.sciencefriday.com/program/arch ives/200805022 Neuronal Correlates Consciousness, Crick and Koch • Look for differences in neuronal states in different states of consciousness • Distinguish faciliating and modulating factors • Determine minimal differences • Problem of causality, sufficient and necessary Experimental Design • • • • • • Gorilla basketball Necker cubes Motion blindness Afterimage effects Many other No general agreement Afterimage Effects • url Lilac Chaser • www.michaelbach.de/ot/col_lilacChaser/ index.html Motion Induced Blindness • url for Motion induced blindness http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/mot_mib/index.html Consciousness Test • How can we tell whether someone or something is conscious? • No third party specific observation • Materialistic zombie problem(replicate neuronal mechanism in a machine) • Turing test for thinking (Hal) • No Turing test for consciousness Animal Consciousness • Analogous EEG findings and thalamocortical connections in mammals • Mirror self recognition, primates and dolphins • Behavioral versatility, mammals create tools Possible uses of fMRI • • • • • • Marker for decision making Marker for effective advertising Lie detection and deception Marker for pain Marker for drug effect on mood Marker for anxiety and fear fMRI in Pain Management • Biofeedback based on real time self induced fMRI changes • url http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/christo pher_decharms_scans_the_brain_in_real_ti me.html