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Learning • • • • • What is learning? Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Applications of learning Cognitive Learning What is Learning? • A relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is acquired through experience and cannot be attributed to illness, injury, or maturation. • Fixed action patterns: behaviors that are driven by genetic inheritance and are species-specific. Classical Conditioning • Ivan P. Pavlov • Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which an association is formed between one stimulus and another. • Reflexes – automatic stimulus-response connections that are “hardwired” into the brain Classical Conditioning • Neutral Stimulus • Unconditioned Stimulus • Unconditioned Response • Conditioned Stimulus • Conditioned Response Related Terms • • • • Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination Conditioning Little Albert Watch the video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxKfpKQzow8 Operant Conditioning • B. F. Skinner • Thorndike’s Law of Effect Types of Reinforcement • • • • Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment Response Cost (negative punishment) Types of Reinforcement • • • • Primary reinforcers Secondary reinforcers Internal reinforcers External reinforcers Continuous and Partial Reinforcement • • • • • • Continuous reinforcement Partial reinforcement Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed interval Variable Interval Related Terms • • • • • • Extinction Shaping Generalization Discriminative stimulus Escape learning Learned Helplessness Applications of Classical Conditioning • Systematic desensitization • Flooding • Aversion therapy Applications of Operant Conditioning • Biofeedback • Behavior Modification • Token Economy Other forms of Learning • • • • Cognitive learning Insight Latent learning Observational learning • Cultural effects?
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