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Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice Chapter 5 Behavioral Theories of Learning This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: • any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; • preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; • any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ISBN: 0-205-37338-0 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2003 Organizing Questions What Is Learning? What Behavioral Learning Theories Have Evolved? Organizing Questions What Are Some Principles of Behavioral Learning? How Has Social Learning Theory Contributed to our Understanding of Human Learning? What is Learning? Experience Intentional Unintentional Stimuli Classical Conditioning causes an Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response when paired with an Neutral Stimulus becomes a Unconditioned Stimulus which causes a Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response Classical Conditioning: An Example causes a Loud noise (UCS) Startle (UCR) when paired with a Presentation (NS) becomes a Presentation (CS) Loud noise (UCS) which causes a Startle/Fear (CR) The Law of Effect Actions that are followed by favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated than actions followed by unfavorable consequences. Operant Conditioning The Use of Pleasant and Unpleasant Consequences to Control Behavior Reinforcing Consequences Increase the Likelihood a Behavior Will Be Repeated. Punishing Consequences Decrease the Likelihood a Behavior Will Be Repeated. Role of Consequences: Reinforcement Primary Reinforcement Secondary Reinforcement Reinforcement Examples Primary Reinforcer Food Water Praise Secondary Reinforcer Money High Grades Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Reinforcement Examples Positive Reinforcement A Gold Star for an Assignment Well Completed Encouragement for Effort Negative Reinforcement Not Having to Re-Write a Well-Written Paper Recess Starting on Time Once All Students Are Seated Quietly Role of Consequences: Reinforcement Premack Principle Reinforcement Examples Premack Principle “If you clean up your room before your cousins arrive, we’ll go to the movies when they get here.” Reinforcement Intrinsic Reinforcement Extrinsic Reinforcement Reinforcement Examples Intrinsic Reinforcers Playing the Violin for Its Own Sake Reading a Good Book for the Pleasure of Reading Extrinsic Reinforcers Doing Algebra Homework to Avoid Getting a Bad Grade Receiving Praise for Writing a Strong Essay Punishment Presentation Punishment Removal Punishment Punishment Examples Presentation Punishment Scolding a Student for Talking during a Lesson An “F” for a Poorly Written Essay Removal Punishment Removal of Freedom to be with Friends with Detention Grounding an Adolescent for Breaking Curfew Immediacy of Consequences Immediate versus Delayed Consequences Clarifies the Connection between Behavior and Consequence Increases the Informational Value of Feedback Shaping Reinforcing Successive Approximations of a Desired Outcome Applications for the Classroom Extinction The Weakening and Eventual Elimination of a Learned Behavior with Removal of Reinforcement. Extinction Burst Consequences for Classroom Management Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Variable Interval Maintenance Natural Reinforcers Intrinsic Reinforcers Resistance to Extinction Role of Antecedents Cueing Discrimination Generalization Techniques for Increasing Generalization Social Learning Theory Modeling Phases of Observational Learning Attentional Phase Retention Phase Reproduction Phase Motivational Phase Social Learning Theory Vicarious Learning Self-Regulated Learning Social Learning Theory: Meichenbaum Self-Regulated Learning (Cognitive Behavior Modification) Self-Reinforcement Strengths and Limitations of Behavioral Learning Theories Firmly Established Basic Principles Limited Scope Social Learning Theory as Bridge between Behavioral and Cognitive Theories End of Chapter 5