Download Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice Chapter 5

Educational Psychology:
Theory and Practice
Chapter 5
Behavioral Theories of Learning
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ISBN: 0-205-37338-0
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2003
Organizing Questions
What Is Learning?
 What Behavioral Learning Theories
Have Evolved?

Organizing Questions
What Are Some Principles of
Behavioral Learning?
 How Has Social Learning Theory
Contributed to our Understanding of
Human Learning?

What is Learning?




Experience
Intentional
Unintentional
Stimuli
Classical Conditioning
causes an
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Response
when paired with an
Neutral Stimulus
becomes a
Unconditioned Stimulus
which causes a
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
Classical Conditioning: An
Example
causes a
Loud noise (UCS)
Startle (UCR)
when paired with a
Presentation (NS)
becomes a
Presentation (CS)
Loud noise (UCS)
which causes a
Startle/Fear (CR)
The Law of Effect
Actions that are
followed by favorable
consequences are
more likely to be
repeated than actions
followed by
unfavorable
consequences.
Operant Conditioning

The Use of Pleasant and Unpleasant
Consequences to Control Behavior
Reinforcing Consequences Increase the
Likelihood a Behavior Will Be Repeated.
 Punishing Consequences Decrease the
Likelihood a Behavior Will Be Repeated.

Role of Consequences:
Reinforcement
Primary
Reinforcement
 Secondary
Reinforcement

Reinforcement Examples

Primary
Reinforcer




Food
Water
Praise
Secondary
Reinforcer


Money
High Grades
Reinforcement
Positive
Reinforcement
 Negative
Reinforcement

Reinforcement Examples

Positive Reinforcement
A Gold Star for an Assignment Well
Completed
 Encouragement for Effort


Negative Reinforcement
Not Having to Re-Write a Well-Written Paper
 Recess Starting on Time Once All Students
Are Seated Quietly

Role of Consequences:
Reinforcement

Premack Principle
Reinforcement Examples

Premack Principle
“If you clean up your
room before your
cousins arrive, we’ll go
to the movies when
they get here.”
Reinforcement
Intrinsic
Reinforcement
 Extrinsic
Reinforcement

Reinforcement Examples

Intrinsic Reinforcers
Playing the Violin for Its Own Sake
 Reading a Good Book for the Pleasure of
Reading


Extrinsic Reinforcers
Doing Algebra Homework to Avoid Getting a
Bad Grade
 Receiving Praise for Writing a Strong Essay

Punishment
Presentation
Punishment
 Removal
Punishment

Punishment Examples

Presentation Punishment
Scolding a Student for Talking during a
Lesson
 An “F” for a Poorly Written Essay


Removal Punishment
Removal of Freedom to be with Friends with
Detention
 Grounding an Adolescent for Breaking Curfew

Immediacy of Consequences
Immediate versus Delayed
Consequences

Clarifies the Connection between
Behavior and Consequence
 Increases the Informational Value of
Feedback

Shaping
Reinforcing
Successive
Approximations of
a Desired Outcome
 Applications for
the Classroom

Extinction
The Weakening and Eventual
Elimination of a Learned Behavior
with Removal of Reinforcement.

Extinction Burst
 Consequences for Classroom
Management

Schedules of Reinforcement




Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval
Maintenance
Natural
Reinforcers
 Intrinsic
Reinforcers
 Resistance to
Extinction

Role of Antecedents
Cueing
 Discrimination
 Generalization
 Techniques for
Increasing
Generalization

Social Learning Theory
Modeling
 Phases of Observational Learning

Attentional Phase
 Retention Phase
 Reproduction Phase
 Motivational Phase

Social Learning Theory
Vicarious Learning
 Self-Regulated Learning

Social Learning Theory:
Meichenbaum
Self-Regulated Learning (Cognitive
Behavior Modification)
 Self-Reinforcement

Strengths and Limitations of
Behavioral Learning Theories
Firmly Established Basic Principles
 Limited Scope
 Social Learning Theory as Bridge
between Behavioral and Cognitive
Theories

End of Chapter 5