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Learning Chapter Eight Definitions • Learning-the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior. • Conditioning- acquisition of fairly specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well defined stimul. Learning through Habituation • Habituation- simplest form of learning, which refers to decline in an organism’s response to a stimulus, once the stimulus has become familiar. • Dishabituation- an increase in responding caused by the presence of something novel. A change in stimulation brings the organism important news about its world Types of Conditioning • Classical Conditioning- (Pavlovian)-the process of learning to associate two stimuli. • Operant Conditioning- (Instrumental)- the process of learning to associate a response and its consequence. Classical Conditioning • • • • Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Unconditioned Response (UR) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR) Before Conditioning: • Bell(CS) No Response • Food (US) Salivation(UR) During Conditioning Bell followed by Food (US) Salivation After Conditioning Bell (CS) Salivation (CR) Practical Applications of Classical Conditioning • Phobias • Desensitization Therapy Operant Conditioning • Involves learning association between an organism’s behavior and resulting events. • Law of Effect (Thorndike)-consistently rewarded behavior will be likely to recur (stamped in) while behavior that brings about discomfort will be stamped out….also known as the Principle of Reinforcement. Types of Reinforcement • Reinforcer- a stimulus that follows a behavior, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. • Positive Reinforcer-adds something rewarding to a situation. • Negative Reinforcer-removal of an aversive stimulus. NEGATIVE REINFORER ID NOT A PUNISHING EVENT…IT IS THE REMOVAL OF A PUNISHING OR AVERSIVE EVENT. Punishment • Def. any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur. • Drawbacks to punishment Stages involved in Conditioning: Classical & Operant • Response Acquisition-building phase of conditioning during which the likelihood or strength • Classical• Operant– Motivation – Skinner box – Shaping • Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery-how long does learning last, and once lost, can it be recovered. • Classical Conditioning• Operant Conditioning-undergoes interference from other behaviors when the original behavior is no longer rewarded. • Generalization & Discrimination– Stimulus Generalization – Response Generalization – Stimulus Discrimination – Classical Conditioning – Operant Conditioning New Learning based on Original Learning • Classical Conditioning-Higher order conditioning. • Operant Conditioning – Primary Reinforcers – Secondary Reinforcers Schedules of Reinforcement • Continuous Reinforcement • Partial Reinforcement (4 schedules) – Fixed ratio -reinforce behavior after a set number of responses – Variable ratio-provide reinforcers after an unpredictable number of responses. – Fixed interval- reinforce the first response afte a fixed time period. – Variable interval-reinforce the first response after varying time intervals. Cognitive Learning • Learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable. • Social Learning Theory Learning without Conscious Awareness • How do we sometimes “just know”? • Intuition