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Learning
Chapter Eight
Definitions
• Learning-the process by which experience
or practice results in a relatively
permanent change in an organism’s
behavior.
• Conditioning- acquisition of fairly specific
patterns of behavior in the presence of
well defined stimul.
Learning through Habituation
• Habituation- simplest form of learning,
which refers to decline in an organism’s
response to a stimulus, once the stimulus
has become familiar.
• Dishabituation- an increase in responding
caused by the presence of something novel.
A change in stimulation brings the organism
important news about its world
Types of Conditioning
• Classical Conditioning- (Pavlovian)-the
process of learning to associate two
stimuli.
• Operant Conditioning- (Instrumental)- the
process of learning to associate a
response and its consequence.
Classical Conditioning
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Before Conditioning:
• Bell(CS)
No Response
• Food (US)
Salivation(UR)
During Conditioning
Bell followed by
Food (US)
Salivation
After Conditioning
Bell (CS)
Salivation (CR)
Practical Applications of Classical Conditioning
• Phobias
• Desensitization Therapy
Operant Conditioning
• Involves learning association between an
organism’s behavior and resulting events.
• Law of Effect (Thorndike)-consistently
rewarded behavior will be likely to recur
(stamped in) while behavior that brings
about discomfort will be stamped
out….also known as the Principle of
Reinforcement.
Types of Reinforcement
• Reinforcer- a stimulus that follows a behavior,
increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be
repeated.
• Positive Reinforcer-adds something rewarding to
a situation.
• Negative Reinforcer-removal of an aversive
stimulus.
NEGATIVE REINFORER ID NOT A PUNISHING
EVENT…IT IS THE REMOVAL OF A
PUNISHING OR AVERSIVE EVENT.
Punishment
• Def. any event whose presence decreases
the likelihood that ongoing behavior will
recur.
• Drawbacks to punishment
Stages involved in Conditioning: Classical &
Operant
• Response Acquisition-building phase of
conditioning during which the likelihood or
strength
• Classical• Operant– Motivation
– Skinner box
– Shaping
• Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery-how
long does learning last, and once lost, can
it be recovered.
• Classical Conditioning• Operant Conditioning-undergoes interference from
other behaviors when the original behavior is no
longer rewarded.
• Generalization & Discrimination– Stimulus Generalization
– Response Generalization
– Stimulus Discrimination
– Classical Conditioning
– Operant Conditioning
New Learning based on Original Learning
• Classical Conditioning-Higher order
conditioning.
• Operant Conditioning
– Primary Reinforcers
– Secondary Reinforcers
Schedules of Reinforcement
• Continuous Reinforcement
• Partial Reinforcement (4 schedules)
– Fixed ratio -reinforce behavior after a set number of responses
– Variable ratio-provide reinforcers after an unpredictable number
of responses.
– Fixed interval- reinforce the first response afte a fixed time
period.
– Variable interval-reinforce the first response after varying time
intervals.
Cognitive Learning
• Learning that depends on mental processes that
are not directly observable.
• Social Learning Theory
Learning without Conscious
Awareness
• How do we sometimes “just know”?
• Intuition