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Schizophrenia and Pervasive Developmental Disorders How do we identify and treat schizophrenia and other pervasive developmental disorders? Schizophrenia A disorder in which people usually have two or more of the following symptoms: – – – – – Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior Negative symptoms such as lack of affect, inability to think logically, or inability to make decisions. Causes of Schizophrenia Biological Environmental Prevention involves avoiding behaviors that might trigger schizophrenia in vulnerable persons: – – Substance abuse Extreme stress Antipsychotic Drugs Haldol Mellaril These drugs do not work well for all children and may have serious side effects. Autism Autism Spectrum Disorder – – – – – Impairment in social relatedness Impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication Stereotyped, ritualistic behavior Aggression Self-injury Causes and Prevention of Autism Causes—brain dysfunction. Prevention—Secondary Prevention – – Treatment of family problems. Effective educational programs that: Build communication skills. Develop daily living skills. Manage inappropriate behaviors. Asperger Disorder Difficult to distinguish from high functioning autism. Educational interventions are similar to those for autism. Socialization Problems Bizarre behavior Problems with eye-to-face gaze Lack of understanding of social interactions Communication Disorders Half of all children with autism have no functional oral language. Interventions use naturalistic applications of operant conditioning principles. Some children with autism rely on alternative means of communication. Stereotypy Repetitive stereotyped acts that seem to provide reinforcing sensory feedback. – – Self-stimulatory Self-injurious Interventions that emphasize: – – – Functional analysis Nonaversive procedures Psychopharmacological treatment.