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Chapter 10 Beliefs Why to have religion? Religions Offer a way to rejoice, to give thanks Provide comfort, a community, a moral code, traditions Give to the needy Religions The Golden Rule: to treat the others the way you want to be treated Believe in a supreme power: monotheism, polytheism, spirits, ghosts, goddesses, nature Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? Paul Gauguin, 1897–1898 The UK population: by religion, April 2001 Religious composition of ethnic groups, April 2001, England & Wales The Knowledge Contest! The Catholic Faith in Jesus Half of the world’s Christians Infants are baptised shortly after birth Coming-of-age ceremony at ages 13-15 Priests and bishop officiate Christ’s teachings in the Bible’s New Testament The Catholic Faith in Jesus “Sign of the Cross”—the Holy Trinity Father—God, Son—Jesus, Holy Spirit— presence of God Eucharist—sacred ritual of Holy Communication — Lord’s Supper Visual churches The Catholic Faith in Jesus To worship Jesus with all 5 of their senses Music for the ears, Incense for the nose, Statues and art for the eyes, Little old ladies reach out and touch something; the beads To worship Jesus through the taste in communion Protestant Each denomination (church group) worships differently Some—confirmations at ages 13-15 Some baptise infants to wash away old sin Roger Williams—Baptist Church, 1638 The Protestant Reformation Nearly 16 centuries of unbroken Catholic domination of Christianity, the then wealthiest and most powerful institution on earth 1302, a formal decree—no salvation outside the Roman Catholic Church The Pope—ultimate truth and power, religious or political Background Serious problems Turmoil within the Church Moving from Rome to Avignon, France New papal tower constructed—symbol of the enormous power of papacy Fondness of richness and treasure— corruption of the papal core Background Serious problems People being disturbed Violent war between France & England (over a century) 1347, a massive outbreak of the black plague—25 million Europeans, 4 years Background Serious problems In Rome, a second Pope elected 31 years of battle for control of the church A third Pope—1409-1415 The situation eventually resolved Background Damage Who to believe? Arrogance & corruption instead of truth & goodness Need of reform Risks of “heresy”: being put on trial or burned at a stake, eg. Johaness Hus: Czechoslovakia The Reformer Martin Luther: Germany Strong religious and political belief The discovery of Christopher Columbus The mass production of books The Reformer October 31st, 1517, to post a list of 95 criticisms, protesting the sale of indulgences An indulgence: a spiritual favor granted by the church to sinners By making difficult spiritual sacrifices Important source of income for the church The Reformer Faith in Bible alone Refusal to yield to the Pope 3 revolutionary books sold in Germany January 3rd, 1521, banished from Church Translation of the Bible into German The Reformer John Calvin: predestination (Switzerland) A terrible example of the majesty of God To work hard and be thrifty Capitalism flourished A special police force to maintain public morality Burning heretics The Reformer Henry VIII: divorce (England) The Pope’s refusal to grant him annulment The enraged king—Act of Supremacy, supreme head of the Church of England Six wives The Roman Church’s control of land and demand of more money from Henry VIII Dissolution of monasteries The Reformer After his death The Common Prayer, Sacraments 42 articles Mary I Elizabeth I Orthodox Orthos: "right“; doxa: "belief" Different in the way of life and worship Maintaining the correct form of worshiping God, passed on from the very beginnings of Christianity Ancient Jewish translation into Greek called the Septuagint Hinduism It does not have a single founder, a specific theological system, a single system of morality, or a central religious organization. Hinduism It consists of "thousands of different religious groups that have evolved in India since 1500 BCE." Henotheistic: a single deity, & other Gods and Goddesses as manifestations or aspects of that supreme God Judaism 4000 years ago, Abraham (Iraq) Abraham’s great-grandson: Yehuda, or Judah (Hebrew: priest) Rabbi & cantor: coming of age ceremony The Torah (the Hebrew scriptures) scrolls The Exodus from Egypt Judaism Holidays Rosh Hashana—Jewish New Year Yom Kippur—Day of Atonement Hanukkah—Festival of Lights Judaism Jewish Golden Rule: “What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellowman.” Torah, Shabbat, 3id Islam Prophets: Abraham, Moses, Noah, Jesus, Muhammed (the final messenger of God) Islam: submission to God Muslims, Christians, Jews: same God Islam & terrorism—Jihad Islam Salaama: Arabic for peace Qur’an—Koran (the exact word of God) Various cultural practices Women and the head scarf Friday: the religious day Praying 5 times a day, facing Mecca (Saudi Arabia) Islam Coming of age: Boys: 15, praying Girls: 9, scarf and long sleeves? Allah/God Ramadan (fasting) Imam (supreme leader, prayer leader) The Five Pillars of Islam Shahadah: pledge of faith Salah: daily prayers Sawm: fasting Zakah: giving Hajj: pilgrimage (millions of Muslims) Muslim Golden Rule “Love for others what you love for yourself and dislike for others what you dislike for yourself.” Muhammed (Hadith) Hadith, the report of the sayings, deeds and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad Mosque Sikhism An Indian religion combining Islamic and Hindu elements Punjab, late 15th century, by Guru Nanak Nanak: the first of the Ten Gurus, of whom Sikhs consider themselves disciples Harmandir Sahib (The Golden Temple) Gurdwara (Gateway to the Guru) Sikhism One God for all people of all religions, full equality of all people, of men and women Living a virtuous and truthful life Condemnation of blind rituals such as fasting, visiting places of pilgrimage, superstitions, worship of the dead, idol worship etc. Atheism An atheist believes there is no god or gods. An Agnostic believes it cannot be known if a god or gods exist. Moral code of behavior Life’s meaning Taoism Taoism A more relaxed and natural way of finding happiness 300BC Tao: a silent, pure, all powerful force that existed before there is heaven or earth Living in harmony with nature Taoism Secularisation: ornate shrines, brilliantlycolored statues, offering Chinese folk gods Public rituals Immortality Lao Tzu Contrastive unification mutually convertible Good Fotune Lieth Within Bad, Bad Fortune Lurketh With Good. A small country with a small population Daodejing/Tao Te Ching—Classic of the Way and Its Power Chuang Tzu The all-in-one idea—Tao as the root and basis for all existence and transformation Spiritual freedom—I’d rather be dragging my tail in the mud. Zhuang Zi/Chuang Tzu (Nanhuajing)— Neipian (Inner Chapters) Waipian (Outer Chapters) Zapian (Miscellaneous Chapters ) http://www.theodora.com/wfb/china_people.html Fangxian Tao—Alchemy and Immortals Huanglao Tao—Reigns of Wen and Jing (the Western Han Dynasty) Huangdi (Yellow Emperor) and Lao Zi Wudoumi Tao (Zhengyi Tao orTianshi Tao) and Taiping Tao Five Decaliter of Rice Sect & Peace Sect: immortality, spells http://www.theodora.com/wfb/china_ people.html Quanzhen Tao—Baiyun Temple 王嚞 张三丰 马钰、谭处端、刘处玄、丘处机 (The Great Master“大宗师” "活神仙")、王处一、郝大通、孙 不二 (The Taoist Holy Man“真人”) Wang Chongyang—the theory of the three religions of the same origin; to cultivate oneself Buddhism Buddha Sakyamuni—Siddhartha Gautama, born on April 8, 464BC, a Hindu prince in India, in search of wisdom through poverty and meditation Buddha (sanscrit: the enlightened one) Buddhism—A religion, a discipline, a practice Buddhism Suffering Craving Dharma Karma Reincarnation Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism and Hinayana Buddhism (大、小乘 ) social concern and universal salvation (Japan, Korea, Nepal, Tibet, Mongolia, and China): one for all; heal the world the non-theistic ideal of self-purification to nirvana (Sri Lanka, Burma, China, and Cambodia): all for one; all by myself Buddhism Exoteric and Esoteric Buddhism (显宗、密宗) Exoteric Buddhism educates all beings with simple and easily understood doctrine. Esoteric Buddhism expounds Buddhist dharma by means of oral transmission. Ppt, Word files, spoken lectures (eg. I Have A Dream): exoteric or esoteric? Zen Huineng (638-713), the founder of southern school of Zen— The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch intuitive insight instead of hard work and the acquisition of even more knowledge and scriptures, wisdom and understanding beyond mere logic and reasoning Zen Holding a flower 如是我闻:世尊在灵山会上,拈花示众,是时众皆默 然,唯迦叶尊者破颜微笑。世尊曰:“吾有正法眼藏, 涅盘妙心,实相无相,微妙法门,不立文字,教外别传, 付嘱摩诃迦叶。 Neither the wind nor the banner is moving. It is like a man drinking water and knowing whether it is cold or warm. To see a World in a Grain of Sand And a Heaven in a Wild Flower, Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand And Eternity in an hour. Auguries of Innocence——William Blake (17571827) British poet The Marriage of Heaven and Hell: “ If the doors of perception were cleansed, everything would appear to man as it is, infinite.” 《六祖坛经》: “即时豁然,还得本心” The spring flowers, the autumn moon; Summer breezes, winter snow. If useless things do not clutter your mind, You have the best days of your life. 一花一世界, 一沙一天国; 君掌盛无边, 刹那含永劫。 (李叔同)宗白华 Reference http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?I D=1086&Pos=2&ColRank=1&Rank=326 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?I D=293&Pos=7&ColRank=1&Rank=176 http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/tools/quizzes/ (BBC quizzes) http://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/ client_ftp/ks1/re/teddys_day_out/index.htm (Teddy bear game)