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Religion a fundamental part of human culture Can have a profound effect on human interaction with their environment and other cultures thereby shaping the development of a people’s cultural landscape Religion Although religious affiliation is on the decline in some parts of the world’s core regions, it still acts as a powerful shaper of daily life, from eating habits and dress codes to coming of age rituals and death ceremonies, holiday celebrations, and family practices in both the core and periphery Geography and Religion Geographers see that the process by which one religion diffuses across the landscape may conflict with the distribution of others – examples? Geographers also observe that religion is derived in part from elements of the physical environment, and that religions, in turn, modify the landscape. Geography and Religion Geographers, though, are not theologians, so they stay focused on those elements of religion that are geographically significant: Spatial connections: Distinctive places of origin Extent of Diffusion Process of Diffusion Practices and beliefs that lead some to have more widespread distributions Globalization and Local Diversity of Religion Geographers find the tension in scale between globalization and local diversity especially acute in religion: People care deeply about their religion Religions values are important in how people identify themselves and organize their landscape Migrants may assimilate in all ways BUT religion DISCUSS: Has more modern technology and forms of communication increased or decreased religious tension? Religion Definitions: relatively structured set of beliefs & practices through which people seek mental & physical harmony with the powers of the universe. Set of stones, symbols, beliefs, & practices that give meaning to the practitioner’s experiences of life though reference to an ultimate power of reality A belief system and a set of practices that recognizes the existence of a power higher than humans Religion Religion encompasses ancestral or cultural traditions, writings, history, and mythology, as well as personal faith and religious experience Through rituals religion is celebrated (birth, marriage, death, etc.) Religion doesn’t just explain natural forces but helps people make sense of their place in the world. Religion is one of the most complex, and often controversial, aspects of the human condition. Definitive trait of a culture and highly territorial phenomenon with links to the spirit of a place, ethnicity, and nationality Example Core component of culture Often lies at the root of conflict Virgin of Guadalupe Universalizing vs. Ethnic Religions Universalizing Religions Have universal appeal and attract all people to their beliefs Examples: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism Universalizing religions can be broken down into: Branches: Large fundamental divisions within a religion Denominations: 60% of world follows a universalizing religion Universalizing religions have precise places of origin, based on events in the life of a man. Groups of common congregations within a branch Sects: Smaller groups that have broken away from a recognized denomination within a branch Universalizing vs. Ethnic Religions Ethnic religions Ethnic religions have unknown or unclear origins, not tied to single historical individuals Attempt to appeal to only one group One place or one ethnicity Examples: Judaism, Hinduism Types of Religions Polytheistic Belief in more than one god, or goddess Hinduism?? , Voodoo Monotheistic Belief in one god, or goddess Islam, Christianity, Judaism Animistic Centered on the belief that inanimate objects, such as mountains, boulders, rivers, and trees, possess spirits and should therefore be revered. Religion Families Abrahamic Christianity Islam Judaism Baha’I faith Rastafarianism Indian Hindu Buddhism Sikhism Jainism Religion Families African Primal Indigenous African traditional African Diasporic Far East Taoism Confucianism Shinto Caodaism Yiguandao (I-Kuan Tao) Chinese folk Religion Families Other Juche Spiritism Neopaganism Ahl-E Haqq (Yarsan) Yazidism Scientology Universalizing Religions Christianity Islam Buddhism Sikhism Ba’hai Christianity Largest universalizing religion 2 billion adherents Predominate in: Branches Roman Catholic Europe: SW, East North America South America South America North America = 40% (NW, SE) Europe Headed by Pope Australia Receive grace from sacraments Eucharist Founder Protestant Jesus of Nazareth Baptist, Lutheran, Methodist, etc. Date: 30 C.E. Europe: Northwest North America= 28% (highly clustered) Origin Reformation- Martin Luther Palestine (Israel) Oct 31, 1517 Individuals could directly communicate with God Eastern Orthodox Doctrine 10 commandments Europe: SE, East Middle East Diffusion Ruled by Patriarchs Initially Relocation- Migration missionaries Expansion Contagious- Roman Empire Split with Roman Catholic teachings after 8th century C.E. On the map: For the Mormons, Lutherans, and Baptists: List and explain 2 reasons why they are dominant in their specific regions How is this map incomplete? Christianity Holy book Bible Administration Holy places Churches Jerusalem Landscape impact Churches Cathedrals Protestant More plain Orthodox Cathedrals, Byzantine style Cemeteries Christians bury their dead Hierarchy in burials Pope Archbishops- Province Bishops- Diocese Priests- Parish Mormons- hierarchical Calendar Roman Catholic More elaborate Roman Catholic *hierarchical Roman/ Protestant Orthodox Gregorian calendar Julian calendar Holidays Easter= death and resurrection of Jesus Christmas= Birth of Jesus Islam 2nd largest universalizing religion World’s fastest growing religion 1.3 billion people Branches Sunni 83 % of Muslims Middle East, Asia “people following the example of Muhammad” Founder Muhammad Succession of Muhammad From the community 622 C.E. Shiite Origin Arabian Peninsula, Middle East Doctrine 5 Pillars of Islam 16% of Muslims Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Oman, and Bahrain Word for “sectarian” Succession of Muhammad Must come from familial line of Muhammad Allah one true God Prayer 5x a day facing Mecca Charity Fast during Ramadan Hajj- Pilgrimage to Mecca Diffusion Military conquest after Muhammad’s death Then relocation diffusion through missionaries Ex. North Africa Ex. Indonesia- Arab traders Islam Holy Book Administration Local autonomy The Quran No formal religious hierarchy Holy Places Mecca Birthplace of Muhammad Secular states Calendar Lunar calendar Medina 30 year cycle Muhammad's tomb 19 years with 354 days Jerusalem 11 years with 355 days Muhammad’s ascension Holidays Holy month of Ramadan Landscape Impact Mosques Central, open-air courtyard Minaret tower Cemeteries- Burial of dead Art Calligraphy Geometric design Islam in the US Islam has had a presence in the US through the Nation of Islam, also known as the Black Muslims Founded in Detroit in 1930 and led for more than 40 years by Elijah Muhammad Today is led by Louis Farrakhan Buddhism 3rd largest universalizing religion Difficult to gage number Can be Buddhist and other religion Branches Mahayana 56 % 400 million adherents China, Japan, Korea China, SE Asia Split from Theravada 2000 years ago Less demanding Founder Siddhartha Gautama 563 B.C.E. Origin More encompassing Theravada 38% Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand Oldest branch “way of the elders” India/ Nepal Doctrine Four noble truths 8-fold path Full-time occupation, monks Tibetan 6% Tibet and Mongolia Diffusion No rapid diffusion Emperor Asoka 273- 232 B.C.E. Trade routes brought it to China Buddhism Holy Book Calendar none Holidays Holy Places Shrines Buddha's birth, enlightenment, and death Same day for Theravada monks 8 sacred sites All associated with the Buddha 4 locations of miracles Landscape Impact Pagodas Contain relic of Buddha Not designed for congregational worship Different for others Other Universalizing Religions Baha’I http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYqI4BLETjo&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_m ode=1&safe=active 7 million adherents Origin Grew out of Babi faith Founder: Siyyid ‘Ali Muhammad Shiraz, Iran 1844 C.E. Doctrine Believe that one of Bab’s disciples was a prophet of God Function: to overcome disunity in religions and establish a universal faith House of Worship Temples on every continent Calendar Established by Bab 19 months with 19 days, 4 “extra” Diffusion Followers persecuted and exiled to Iraq Sikhism One of the smaller universalizing religions 25 million adherents Founded in the late 15th century in present day Pakistan Lahore Follows teachings of Guru Nanak Chief religious prophet God revealed himself to Nanak One Creator, people have capacity for improvement on earth Sikhs mean disciple in Hindi http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drcCaFRraM0&safety_mode=true&p ersist_safety_mode=1&safe=active Monotheistic Syncretic religion? Blend of Hinduism and Islam practices and beliefs Diffusion of Sikhism Diffused outward from its origin in Pakistan, particularly towards northern India Sikhs have a global diaspora today and are especially prominent in the U.S., Canada, the UK, former British colonies of East Africa, and Australia High concentration of Sikhs exist in Punjab region Straddles Northwestern India and Northern Pakistan Cultural Landscapes Holiest Site: The Golden Temple In the Punjab region Holy Book: Guru Granth Sahib contains the teaching of all its prophets, called gurus
