Download Unit 5 & 6

Unit 5 & 6
Civil War Era &
Reconstruction
Civil War Era
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Map – Manifest Destiny
Map – Before the War
Map – During the War
Timeline
Before the War (Manifest Destiny, Causes,
Sectionalism)
The War (Strategies, Major Battles, Role of
Lincoln, & On the Home Front)
Me
.
Oregon
Country
Unorganized
Territory
Michigan Territory.
Missouri
Compromise
Line
Mo.
New Spain
Arkansas Terr.
States admitted by
Missouri Compromise
Slave states and Territories
Oregon
Territory
Unorganized
Territory
Minnesota
Territory
Utah
Territory
California
New Mexico
Territory
Indian
Territory
Slave States and Territories
Territories to vote on slavery
Gettysburg
Antietam
Washington, D.C.
Manassas (Bull Run)
Appomattox
Richmond
Shiloh
Atlanta
Sherman’s “March to the Sea”
Vicksburg
Savannah
Monitor and
Merrimack
Timeline
Abraham
Lincoln
elected
President
Westward Expansion
“Manifest Destiny”
Compromise
of 1850
Missouri
Compromise
1820
1815
1820
North wins
Civil War
1865
Dred
Scott
Case
1857
1825
1830
1835
1840
1845
1850
Mexican –
American
War
1855
Kansas –
Nebraska
Act
1854
1860
1865
Ft. Sumter
fired on
Civil War
begins
1861
Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny: the concept, believed by
most Americans, that the United States had
the right to any lands from the Appalachian
Mountains to the Pacific Ocean
Reasons for wanting to expand west…
1.
Religion
- many Americans were looking for increased
freedoms from persecution or harassment (Ex.
Brigham Young leading the Mormons to Utah from
Palmyra, NY)
2.
Expansion of cotton culture:
- the expansion of cotton into the west meant
expansion of slavery (Slave States vs. Free States)
3.
Opportunity
- the chance for a better economic situation, or
personal freedoms ( The “Gold Rush” of the late
1840s brought many to the West Coast)
Disputes over expansion

Texas/Mexican War





Texas was first its own nation – it had won
independence from Mexico in 1836
Over time, many Texans began to have
economic and cultural connections with the
US
US annexed Texas in 1845
Boundary dispute led to the Mexican
American War
US Wins and took control of Texas and
California
Settlement of the West

Homestead Act:




1862
The Federal
Government offered
160 acres to any
adult citizen for just
$10
The settler agreed to
live on the land and
improve it in 5 years
before becoming
owner
Millions moved west


Transcontinental Railroad
Clash with Native Americans

Indian Wars (Battle of Little Big Horn
led by Sitting Bull); Massacre at
Wounded Knee ended Wars (Natives
forced to live on Reservations)
Dawes Act



1887
Congress passed
legislation to
“Americanize”
native peoples
Few natives took
the offer
Sectionalism

Sectionalism: as
years went by the
northern and
southern US
began to develop
separate
identities, this
would prove to be
the biggest test to
the survival of the
nation
Divided America

The Industrial North




Trade: While trading with other nations, the
northern states industrial centers traded
products across the entire nation
Factories: factories produced as much vital
products as any nation in the world; culture
centered around factory
Urban Centers: most northerners lived in
cities, north's population the largest of any
section of the US
Transportation: Dominated transportation
system including canals, roadways, and
railroads

The Agrarian South



Plantation System: Large, slave worked
cash crop farms, most southerners
lived a rural life in small towns
Cash Crop: Major cash crop was
cotton; relied on the North for trade, as
well as, industrial centers in Europe
Slavery: Dependent on slave labor,
political life is to ensure the survival of
slavery
Sectional Disputes
Issue: Bank of the United States
Northern View: Pro-Bank
Southern View: Anti-Bank
Western View: Pro-Bank
Issue: Internal Improvements
Northern View: For
federally funded
internal improvements
Southern View: Against
improvements
Western View: For
improvements
Issue: Expansion of Slavery (New
Territories)
Northern View:
Opposed
Southern View:
Favored
Western View: The
issues divided
westerners
Issue: Cheap Western Lands
North: Opposed
South: Favored
Western: Favored cheap lands and encouraged
migration to the West
Compromises on the Expansion of
Slavery



Missouri Compromise
Compromise of 1850
Kansas/Nebraska 1854
Missouri Compromise
Issue:
Could Congress prohibit slavery
in new territories?
Could Congress place conditions
on new states entering the Union?
Resolution:
Missouri would be added as a
slave state (at the same time Maine
is added as a free state)
No slavery in the rest of the old
Louisiana Territory above the 36’30’’
line
Impact:
Gave formal boundary to slavery
Never really dealt with the legal
issue of slavery
Compromise of 1850
Issue: Admitting California as a free state
threatened the balance of power between free
and slave state
Resolution:
California admitted as free state
Fugitive Slave Act required escaped
slaves to be returned to their owners
Popular Sovereignty: citizens in each
territory would vote to be entered as a slave or
free state
Kansas/Nebraska Act
Issue:
- People in Kansas and Nebraska wanted to vote
to decide whether or not to become slave states –
not to follow the Missouri Compromise
Resolution:
- Overturned the Missouri Compromise in Kansas
and Nebraska allowing for popular sovereignty to
decide
Impact:
- Bleeding Kansas (John Brown)
Case Study: The Dred Scott Case
Dred Scott vs. Sanford (1857)
- Scott, and African American had lived for awhile with his
owner in free Illinois
- Later, his owner moved to Missouri, a slave state
- He sued for his freedom claiming he was free because of his
time in Illinois
Constitutional Law: the issue of slavery in the territories
Court Decision: The Supreme Court said Scott was not free
because he was not a citizen – and could not be protected by
the USA Constitution – he was property
Impact:
- Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
- Northern opposition
- South threatens to leave the Union if North did not Obey
Causes of the Civil War
Cause: Failure to resolve the slavery issue
Effect:
1. Sectional Polarization:
- by the mid-1800s, the nation was divided up
politically over the slavery issue
- some supported slavery elsewhere/some
opposed slavery elsewhere
- some favored popular sovereignty
2. Radical Abolitionism:
- some opponents of slavery (John Brown), used
violence against slave supporters
Cause: Regionalization of Political Parties
Effect:
- Rise of Republican Party (North):
-created in opposition to slavery
- Motto: “Free soil-Free Labor-Free
Men”
- Disunion of Democratic Party
- Election of Abraham Lincoln
- fearing loss of southern power, southern
states began to seriously talk of breaking
away from the Union
Cause: Lincoln’s Election
Effect:
- Secession: Several southern states
eventually voted to break away from the
Union (secede)
- South Carolina was first
- Ft. Sumter: south Carolina
troops took over Charleston harbor
- Lincoln sends troops, causes more
southern states to secede
The War
North




Use superior resources,
technologies, and manpower
Divide the Confederacy – capture
and control the Mississippi River
Blockade the southern ports – don’t
let supplies into the Confederacy
Capture the capital - Richmond
South


Attack, again and again, hoping to
wear down the north’s will to win
Gain support from Great Britain and
France, each dependent on
southern cotton
Major Battles

1st Manassas (Bull Run):
 The north thought I would be an easy victory and an
end to a short war
 The southern victory proved it would be a tougher fight,
and linger war than expected
Battle of Antietam:


The first significant Northern victory
– kept Great Britain and France
from helping the South
Had the most one-day casualties in
the history of the United States
Battle of Gettysburg


The turning point of the war – until
this time, the South had, in general,
been winning the war
The northern victory bolstered
morale, and weakened the southern
army greatly
Surrender at Appomattox:

Scene of the final moments of war;
Lee surrenders to Grant here
On the Home Front
Role of Women
- in both the North and the South, women took
the place of men in factories and on farms. Many
served as nurses in hospitals near or on
battlefields.
Role of African Americans:
- In the north, many took the place of whites in
the factories
- After the Emancipation Proclamation, many
rushed to enlist and serve in the US Army
Role of Lincoln

Emancipation Proclamation


Lincoln’s decision to free all persons in
states that were still rebelling in 1863
Changed the purpose of the war-from just
about preserving the Union-to ending
slavery as well
Gettysburg Address:
- Lincoln’s short, but meaningful speech
outlined the meaning and significance of the
war
Reconstruction




Timeline
Various Plans to Reconstruct America
(Johnson’s Plan and Radical
Reconstruction)
The New South (Economy, Society and
Government)
End of Reconstruction
Timeline
14th Amendment
extends citizenship to
African Americans
1868
15th Amendment
guarantees voting rights
to African Americans
1870
The election of
Rutherford B.
Hayes as President
ends the
Reconstruction Era
1877
Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court Case
1896
13th Amendment
abolishes slavery
1865
1862
1865
1868
Reconstruction
Acts passed
1867
President
Lincoln
Assassinated
1865
1871
1874
1877
1880
1883
1886
1889
1892
Plans for Reconstructing America
Lincoln’s Plan (Do not punish the South)
1. Pardons to southerners if they swore loyalty
to the U.S.
2. If a state got 10% to swear loyalty, they
could form a new state government with a
constitution
3. The new constitution had to ban slavery in
the states
The Assassination




John Wilkes Booth
Ford’s Theatre
Lincoln’s survived
a few days after
the shooting
before dying
Booth created the
largest manhunt in
US history
President Johnson’s Plan
His Plan:
1. No provisions for protecting rights of
African Americans
2. His ranking Confederate officials had
to apply for amnesty
Johnsons Impeachment Issue




Angered many
Congressmen by
firing many officials
Trial: lasted three
months
The verdict: One
vote short of the 2/3
needed for
impeachment
Effect: opened the
way for more
Republican radical
reconstruction
Radical Republican’s Reconstruction Plan
Legislation:
- 13th Amendment (1865): abolished slavery in the
United States
- 14th Amendment (1866): states could not deprive
a citizen of rights without due process of law
- 15th Amendment (1869): the right to vote cannot
be denied to any citizen because of race
- Freedmen’s Bureau: Aid for former slaves (provide
food and clothing; medical services; early schools for
African Americans)
- Military Districts: 5 created
Southern Response:
- “Black Codes” created that limited the
rights of African Americans
- Ten of the Confederate states refused to
ratify the 14th Amendment
- Grandfather Clauses, literacy tests, poll
tax
- use of terror tactics (Ku Klux Klan: Knights
of the White Camelia)
The New South
Economic:
- End of the Plantation System
1. End of slavery ended plantation system
2. The plantation system was the main basis of
wealth in the old south
3. Carpetbaggers: northerners who took
advantage of southern economic ruin to profit for
themselves
- Growth of Industry:
1. Some southerners see the value of industry in
a new economy
2. Railroads, textile mills, steel production
3. Democrats return to power in South
Political:
- scalawags (“scoundrels”) Southern whites
that sided with northern reconstruction
- Some African Americans elected to office
(Hiram Revels)
- Democrats returned to power in the South
Society:
- “Jim Crow” laws: laws passed in southern
states that established social segregation
(African Americans could not use the same
facilities as white people)
Case Study: Plessy Vs. Ferguson
Background:
- Jim Crow Laws had created a social segregation in the south
- Louisiana passed a law requiring segregation on public
transportation
- the law was challenged by Homer Plessy (1/8 Black)
Constitutional Issue:
- Plessy argued that the Louisiana law violated the 13th and 14th
amendments
- “Badge of Inferiority”
Decision:
- Segregation was legal as long as African Americans had access
to “equal but separate”” facilities
Effect:
- the decision reinforced segregation in the south
- the decision was applied to schools as well
End of Reconstruction
End of Military Occupation:
- The withdraw of federal troops virtually ended any
advances by African Americans since the end of the
Civil War
Restoration of White Control in South
- the removal of federal troops allowed whites to gain
control over southern states again
- Secret Societies: KKK
- Poll Taxes: those to poor to pay tax
could not
vote
- Literacy Tests: Requiring the ability to read and
write
- Grandfather Clauses: “if your grandfather did not
have the right to do it, then you do not”
Essential Questions
1.) In what ways did Congress attempt
to regain powers that seemed to have
been lost to a strong President in
Lincoln?
- Radical Republicans took charge of
a Reconstruction after Lincoln's
assassination
- The impeachment of President
Johnson resulted in a weakened
Presidency and a stronger Congress
3.) After learning about the events and
actions of the Reconstruction period, how
can it be argued that the North did not
gain a victory in the Civil War?
- Despite the legal ending of slavery, it
continued to operate on an informal basis
in many southern areas
- The issue of states rights vs. federal
rights was still an issue during and after
the Reconstruction Period
- The basic lives of African Americans
often faced a more intensely prejudicial
environment with Jim Crow laws and
reactionary groups