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Key Questions 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union? 2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction? 3. How do we integrate and protect newlyemancipated black freedmen? Charleston, South Carolina, in Ruins, April 1865 President Lincoln’s Plan 10% Plan * Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) 1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ). Senator Benjamin Wade (R-OH) Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials. Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. Congr. Henry W. Davis (R-MD) Wade-Davis Bill (1864) “Iron-Clad” Oath. “State Suicide” Theory. “Conquered Provinces” Position. President Lincoln Pocket Veto Wade-Davis Bill Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Goals: to help unskilled, uneducated, povertystricken ex-slaves to survive Provided food, clothing, medicine, and eduction to ex-slaves Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen. Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats. Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes: Plenty to eat and nothing to do. Freedmen’s Bureau School Educating Young Freedmen and Freedwomen, 1870s President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian Democrat. Anti-Aristocrat. White Supremacist. Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union. Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters! President Johnson’s Plan for Southern Readmission(10%+) 10% of registered voters in the election of 1860 had to take an oath of allegiance to the US. Offered amnesty to the rest upon a simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson-he would then pardon them personally) Southern states had to write new constitutions which at minimum repudiated slavery, secession, and Confederate debts. EFFECTS? 1. Pardoned planter aristocrats rapidly took back political power and controlled Southern states. 2. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South! Growing Northern Alarm! Many new Southern state constitutions fell short of the minimum requirements. Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons. Revival of the Planter Class. BLACK CODES Black Codes Purpose: * * Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. Restore slavery in everything but name. Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers]. Congress Breaks with the President In December 1865 Congress bars Southern Congressional delegates (whitewashed Rebels). Joint Committee on Reconstruction created. February, 1866 The Freedmen’s Bureau reauthorized-Johnson vetoes it. March, 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1866 passed to negate the Black Codes-Johnson vetoes it . Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!! An Inflexible President, 1866 •This Republican cartoon shows Johnson knocking blacks out of the Freedmen’s Bureau by his veto. The Drivers of Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner th 14 Amendment All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. th 14 Amendment Ratified in July, 1868. * * * Set in stone the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Provide a constitutional guarantee for the civil rights of the freedmen. Guarantee the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy. Southern states would be punished for denying civil and voting rights to black citizens! Post-War Southern Demographics State White Citizens Freedmen SC 291,000 411,000 Miss 353,000 436,000 Louis 357,000 350,000 GA 591,000 465,000 AL 596,000 437,000 VA 719,000 533,000 NC 631,000 331,000 The 1866 Mid-Term Election A national referendum on Radical Reconstruction. Johnson fought it with his “Swing around the Circle” tour—bad idea. He was hammered most of the time. Republicans won a 3-1 majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state. Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle” Military Reconstruction Act of 1867-The Radical Republican Plan for Southern Readmission States readmitted under Johnson’s 10% plan were not legally back in the union. Congress would now decide the terms of Southern readmission. These terms were as follows: The South was divided into 5 military districts, each commanded by a Union general and policed by a Union army (many black soldiers). Thousands of former Confederates, including most of the Planter class, not allowed to vote Southern states had to write new constitutions that included black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments. The military would enroll eligible black voters so they could participate in constitution making. Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 •For many white Southerners, military Reconstruction amounted to turning the knife in the wound of defeat. An often-repeated story of later years had a Southerner remark, “I was sixteen years old before I discovered that damnyankee was two words.” Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 Military Reconstruction Act of 1867-The Radical Republican Plan for Southern Readmission What this law didn’t’ do: •It did not give the Freedman land from their former masters (40 acres and a mule). Why? •It did not guarantee the Freedmen an education at Federal expense. By 1868, all but three Southern states were back in the Union and Federal troops had gone home. •The North didn’t think it needed to protect the Freedmen long-term. They figured “mission accomplished”-state governments could handle it from here. •Effect? Other Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Command of the Army Act * The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military. Tenure of Office Act * The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval. Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln’s government. Constitutional? Edwin Stanton President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Sec. of War Stanton in February, 1868, violating the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson had also replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47! The Senate Trial 11 week trial. Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote). The 1868 Republican Ticket The 1868 Democratic Ticket Waving the Bloody Shirt! Republican “Southern Strategy” 1868 Presidential Election Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption. * * * Credit Mobilier Scandal. Whiskey Ring. The “Indian Ring.” More Corruption: The Tweed Ring in NYC William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine) [Thomas Nast crusading cartoonist/reporter] And They Say He Wants a Third Term The Election of 1872 Rumors of corruption during Grant’s first term discredited and diveded Republicans. Horace Greeley runs as a Democrat/Liberal Republican candidate. Greeley attacked as a fool and a crank. Greeley died on November 29, 1872! 1872 Presidential Election Popular Vote for President: 1872 The Panic of 1873 Major economic depression caused by overproduction of railroads, farms, factories and mines It raises “the money question.” * * Debtors want devalued greenback in circulation creditors, intellectuals support hard money. 1875 Specie Redemption Act. 1876 Greenback Party formed & makes gains in congressional races The “Crime of ’73’! President Ulysses S. Grant •Although many freed slaves found themselves picking cotton on their former masters’ plantations, they took comfort that they were at least paid wages and could work as a family unit. •In time, however, they became ensnared in the web of debt that their planter bosses spun to keep a free labor force tightly bound to them. Tenant Farming/Sharecrop Slavery General Store Owner Loan tools and seed with up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop. Farmer also secures food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest. Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt. Tenant Farmer Plants crop, harvests in autumn. Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent. Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt. Usually can’t pay entire debt. Balance carried over to next year, and the next, and the next. Landowner Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop. Southern Cotton Production and Distribution of Slaves, 1860 Sharecropping Sharecroppers Picking Cotton Blacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans. Most white southerners were unprepared to give Blacks political power. Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867. The 15th Amendment guaranteed federal voting. Black Senate & House Delegates Colored Rule in a Reconstructed State ? What’s the key to black political power in the South? 15th Amendment Ratified in 1870. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote! 15th Amendment IF Black men could vote, how did whites regain political power during the Reconstruction? The Answer: Terror The Rise of the Redeemers Amnesty Act of 1872-150,000 former high ranking Confederates pardoned and now eligible to vote and hold political office. These former high ranking Confederates were of the Planter class, and were determined to restore the old order They became known as “The Redeemers” The Failure of Federal Enforcement Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act]. Too little, too late. Blacks knew that the troops would one day leave again, and they would have to deal with the white southerners. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 Crime for any individual to deny full & equal use of public transportation and public places. Prohibited discrimination in jury selection. Fatal Flaw lacked a strong enforcement mechanism. No new civil rights act was attempted for 90 years! Northern Support Wanes Republican party was weakened and divided by corruption. The public no longer trusted them with Reconstruction. Panic of 1873 [6-year depression]. Focus turned to the economy and away from the Reconstruction. Concern over westward expansion and Indian wars. Monetary issues-the Greenbacks became a major issue among Farmers and Northern laborers. People figured the Freedmen could fend for themselves like everyone else. The Republic Party became the party of big business. The party’s focus turned toward facilitating its growth. Weariness-the North tired of trying to change the South. The Northern public wanted the war to finally be over. 1876 Presidential Tickets 1876 Presidential Election The Political Crisis of 1877 “Corrupt Bargain” Part II? Alas, the Woes of Childhood… Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me! A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877 Terms: •Hayes gets the presidency •All northern troops leave the South Effects: •the Freedmen are left to the mercy of white southerners. •100 years of Jim Crow •100 years of disenfranchisement for Southern Blacks Supreme Court Compromises Reconstruction Slaughterhouse Cases-1873 – Court rules 14th Amend. only protects against Fed. infringement of rights, not states – Leaves opening for states to discriminate • • Civil Rights Cases – Court rules 14th Amend. only protects against state discrimination, not discrimination by individuals • U.S. vs. Reese – Court rules 15th Amend. Doesn’t grant voting rights, but rather restricts voter discrimination Chief Justice Morrison Waite