Download Liberation efforts of 1914-1921. Revival of the Ukrainian state

Liberation efforts of 19141921. Revival of the Ukrainian
state.
Plan
• 1. World War I
• 2.Ukrainians in the First World War.
• 3. Revolution in Ukraine.
• 4. Bolshevik’s intervention in Ukraine.
• 5. Soviet Union
• 6.Ukraine in the first years of USSR.
World War I
• World War I was a global war which took place
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primarily in Europe from 1914 to 1918.
The act which is considered to have triggered the
succession of events which led to war was the 28
June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by
Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb citizen.
The war was fought between two major alliances.
The Entente Powers initially consisted of France,
the United Kingdom, Russia, and their associated
empires and dependencies.
• Numerous other states joined these allies,
most notably Italy and the United States.
• The Central Powers, so named because of
their central location on the European
continent, initially consisted of Germany and
Austria-Hungary and their associated
empires.
• The Ottoman Empire joined the Central
Powers, followed later by Bulgaria.
• Only The Netherlands, Switzerland, Spain
and the Scandinavian nations remained
officially neutral among the European
countries
• One of the most striking results of the war
was a large redrawing of the map of Europe.
• All of the Central Powers lost territory, and
many new nations were created.
• Austria-Hungary was carved up into several
successor states including Austria, Hungary,
Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.
• The Russian Empire, which had withdrawn
from the war in 1917 after the October
Revolution, lost much of its western frontier
as the newly independent nations of Estonia,
Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland were
carved from it.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife some
minutes before they were assassinated
dental ambulance
Ukrainians in the First World War
• One of the underlying themes of
Ukrainian history of the early 20th
century has been the quest for an
independent nation. Many attempts were
made in the early 20th century, but both
World War I and the Russian Civil War
disrupted such attempts.
• The consequences of the First World War
of 1914-1918 for Ukrainians were tragic.
• The great amount of Ukrainians fought
and died for empires, which ignored their
nation interests
• When the First World War began in 1914,
Ukrainians were split into two separate and
opposing armies.
• 3.5 million fought with the Imperial Russian
Army, while 250,000 fought for the AustroHungarian Army.
• Many Ukrainians thus ended up fighting each
other.
• Also, many Ukrainian civilians suffered as
armies shot and killed them after accusing
them of collaborating with opposing armies.
• Russian empire at the beginning of
September 1914 occupied the big part of
eastern Galychina.
• Hundreds of Ukrainians were arrested and
put to death without a court.
• All Ukrainian cultural establishments,
cooperative and periodic editions were
closed by order of tsar authority of Russia.
• There were implemented restrictions to use
Ukrainian language and made attempts to
apply Russian language at schools.
• The Austrians, up to the May 1915, retook
Revolution in Ukraine
• News about the collapse of Russian tsar
regime reached Kyiv on March 13 1917.
• On March 17 Ukrainians founded Central
Rada.
• Myhaylo Grushevskiy – well known,
authoritative figure was elected the president
of the Central Rada.
• On November 7 1917 in Petrograd the
Bolsheviks took authority in their hands.
• As most of Russians the Bolsheviks with
enmity attituded to the Ukrainian movement.
• The Central Rada declared, that it took the
supreme power in all nine provinces, where
the Ukrainians amounted the majority.
• Formally it was confirmed by its Third
universal dated July 7 1917, which declared
the establishment of autonomous Ukrainian
Republic.
• Still not dare to break off relations with
Russia, the Central Rada declared about the
creation of federation of free nation.
Bolshevik’s intervention in Ukraine
• From northern east 12 thousand Bolshevik
forces moved to Ukraine.
• Against them the Ukrainian military Minister
Symon Petlyura had scattered several
hundreds of Kyiv gymnasia pupils, which
went to front straight from the school.
• To the east from the city Kruty 300 of
gymnasium pupils got into encirclement, they
all died.
Soviet Union
• The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR) was a constitutionally socialist state
that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
• The Soviet Union was officially established in
December 1922 as the union of the Russian,
Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Transcaucasian
Soviet republics ruled by Bolshevik parties.
• The Soviet Union was one of the world's
most ethnically diverse countries, with more
than 200 distinct ethnic groups within its
borders.
Flag of the Soviet Union
Coat of arms of the Soviet Union
Ukraine in the first years of USSR
• Till 1923 soviet government of Ukraine
maintained foreign relations,had foreign
trade and even began to initiate the ground
of separate Ukrainian army.
• Lenin suggested to give each republic
consisting Russia the right of free exit from
it.
• Some operations remained exclusively in the
area of Ukraine’s responsibilities, others were
divided between Ukrainian and Russian
ministers
• Joining to the structure of Soviet Union,
Ukrainian republic became the second its
component in size.
• The first facilities of Ukrainian government in
the field of culture had the purpose to
extend the use of Ukrainian language.
• Similar rebirth felt Ukrainian press, which
was oppressed by tsar regime.
• Up to 1927 more than a half of books
published in Ukrainian, in 1933 from 433
newspapers of the republic 373 were issued
in Ukrainian.
References :
• 1. Subtelny, Orest. Ukraine: A History. Toronto:
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University of Toronto Press (1988).
2. Andrew Wilson. The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation.
Yale University Press; 2nd edition (2002).
3. Anna Reid. Borderland: A Journey Through the History
of Ukraine. London, Orion Books; 4th impression (1998,
preface 2003).
4. Paul Robert Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. Toronto:
University of Toronto Press (1996).
5. Mykhailo Hrushevsky. History of Ukraine-Rus’ in 9
volumes.