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STANDARD(S):
11.1 Students analyze the significant events in
the founding of the nation.
LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT
1. Identify differences between the North and the
South.
2. Describe the operation of the Underground Railroad
and other forms of protest against slavery.
3. Explain the political conditions that gave rise to the
Republican Party and divided the Whigs.
Section 1
The Divisive Politics
of Slavery
Disagreements over slavery heighten regional
tensions and leads to the breakup of the Union.
NEXT
THE DIVISIVE POLITICS OF
SLAVERY
• Over the centuries, the
Northern and Southern
sections of the United
States had developed
into two very different
cultural and economic
regions
• There were also
differences in
geography and climate,
as well as religious
differences
The Union in Peril
• Slavery divides the nation.
• North and South enter a long and
destructive civil war that ends slavery.
• African Americans briefly enjoy full civil
rights, but new laws discriminate against
them.
SECTION
1
The Divisive Politics of Slavery
Differences Between North and South
Controversy over Slavery Worsens
• Southern plantation economy relies on enslaved
labor
• Industrialized North does not depend on slavery
• South tries to spread slavery in West
• North’s opposition to slavery intensifies, tries to
stop its spread
NEXT
THE SOUTH BEFORE THE WAR
Family working the cotton
field on a Plantation
• Rural plantation
economy
• Relied on slave labor
• “Peculiar Institution”
created tension
• Southerners feared
that the loss of slavery
would mean lose of
culture
THE NORTH BEFORE THE WAR
• The North had a
more diverse
economy
• Industry flourished
• Openly opposed
slavery in the
South and the new
territories
• More urbanized
than South
BOSTON HARBOR
SECTION
1
Slavery in the Territories
Statehood for California
• California applies for statehood as free state in
1849; angers South
NEXT
SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES
Statehood for California
• California applies for
statehood as free state in
1849; angers South
• The issue of
whether slavery
in California and
the West would
be legal led to
heated debates
in Congress
• Gold rush led to
application for
statehood for
California
SECTION
1
Slavery in the Territories
The Compromise of 1850
• Slave state Texas claims eastern half of New Mexico
Territory
• Southern states threaten secession—withdrawal
from Union
• Compromise of 1850 has provisions for both sides
• California becomes free state; tougher fugitive slave
law enacted
• Popular sovereignty, or vote, decides slavery issue
in NM, Utah
NEXT
COMPROMISE OF 1850
Southern
states
threaten
secession—
withdrawal
from Union
CONGRESSIONAL
DEBATE
Supporters Reasons for
Their Support
Proslavery
1.
Compromise forces:
of 1850
Antislavery
forces:
proposed a new
and more effective
fugitive slave law
provided that
California be
admitted as a free
state
SECTION
1
Protest, Resistance, and Violence
Fugitive Slave Act
• Slaves denied trial by jury; helpers fined and
imprisoned
• Northerners defy Act, help send slaves to safety
in Canada
Continued . . .
NEXT
FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW
• Under the law, runaway slaves
were not entitled to a trial by
jury
• Anyone helping a slave
escape was jailed for 6 months
and fined $1,000
• Northerners were upset by the
harshness of the new law and
often helped hide fugitive
slaves
A HARSH FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW
FURTHER INCREASED TENSIONS
Supporters Reasons for Their
Support
2.
Fugitive
Slave Act
Proslavery
forces:
held that alleged
fugitives were not
entitled to a trial by jury;
stipulated that anyone
convicted of helping a
fugitive was subject to a
fine and imprisonment
SECTION
1
Protest, Resistance, and Violence
The Underground Railroad
• Abolitionists develop Underground Railroad—
escape routes from South
• Harriet Tubman is conductor on 19 trips to free
African Americans
Continued . . .
NEXT
UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
• Escape from slavery was
dangerous and meant
traveling on foot at night
• As time went on, African
Americans and white
abolitionists developed a
secret network of people
who would hide fugitive
slaves
• ”Conductors” would hide
runaways in tunnels and
even cupboards
HARRIET TUBMAN
• One of the most famous
conductors was Harriet
Tubman
• Harriet Tubman escaped
slavery and vowed to help
others do the same
• She made 19 trips back to
South and freed over 300
slaves (Including her own
parents)
HARRIET TUBMAN
1820-1913
Supporters Reasons
for Their
Support
Anti-slavery provided a
3.
means of
Underground forces:
escape
for
Railroad
fugitive
slaves
SECTION
1
Protest, Resistance, and Violence
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
increases protests
Continued . . .
NEXT
UNCLE TOM’S CABIN
Author Harriet
Beecher Stowe
Instant best seller
sold 500,000 by
1857
• In 1852, Harriet
Beecher Stowe
published her
influential novel,
Uncle Tom’s
Cabin
• The book
stressed the
moral evil of
slavery
• Abolitionist
protests
increased
SECTION
1
continued Protest,
Resistance, and Violence
Tension in Kansas and Nebraska
• Kansas, Nebraska territories north of 3630’ line,
closed to slavery
• 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular
sovereignty on slavery
NEXT
Kansas and Nebraska Act
• After Stephen
Douglas worked to
pass the KansasNebraska Act in
1854, Kansas
would vote to
decide on whether
slavery would be
legal or outlawed
• This contradicted
the 36’ 30’ of the
Missouri
Compromise
SECTION
1
continued Protest,
Resistance, and Violence
“Bleeding Kansas”
• Proslavery settlers from Missouri cross border to
vote in Kansas
• Fraudulent victory leads to violent struggle over
slavery in Kansas
NEXT
BLEEDING KANSAS
• The race for Kansas
was on. . .both
supporters and
opponents attempted to
populate Kansas to win
the vote over slavery
Finally, after years of fighting, Kansas
is admitted as a free state in 1861
• As the election neared,
a group of pro-slavery
“border ruffians” from
Missouri attempted to
cross into Kansas
• Violence erupted –
Blooding Kansas is the
legacy
Supporters Reasons
for Their
Support
Proslavery
4. KansasNebraska Act forces:
established
popular
sovereignty
in the new
territories
SECTION
1
continued Protest,
Resistance, and Violence
Violence in the Senate
• Charles Sumner verbally attacks slavery, singles
out Andrew Butler
• Preston S. Brooks, Butler’s nephew, assaults
Sumner on Senate floor
NEXT
Violence in the Senate
• Charles Sumner
verbally attacks
slavery, singles
out Andrew Butler
• Preston S. Brooks,
Andrew Butler’s
nephew, assaults
Sumner on Senate
floor
SECTION
1
New Political Parties Emerge
Slavery Divides Whigs
• Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852
• Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in
territories
• Nativist Know-Nothings also split by region over
slavery
NEXT
Slavery Divides Whigs
NEW POLITICAL PARTIES EMERGE
• Democrat Franklin Pierce elected
president in 1852
• The political landscape by 1856 was
very different than it had been just a
few years earlier
• The Democrats were still alive but
faced increasing challenge from new
parties
• Northern, Southern Whigs split over
slavery in territories
• Gone was the Whig Party
Know-Nothing members
answered questions by
saying, “I know Nothing”
• An alternative was the KnowNothing Party
• Nativist Know-Nothings also split by
region over slavery
SECTION
1
New Political Parties Emerge
The Free-Soilers’ Voice
• Free-Soilers fear slavery will drive down wages of
white workers
NEXT
The Free-Soilers’ Voice
• Another party that emerged in
the mid-19th century was the
Free-Soilers
• They were northerners who
opposed slavery in the
territories
• Free-Soilers objections to
slavery were based on
economics not moral objection
to slavery
“Soil”
• They believed slavery drove
down wages for white workers
SECTION
1
New Political Parties Emerge
The New Republican Party
• Republican Party forms in 1854; oppose slavery in
territories
• Democrat James Buchanan elected president
(1856); secession averted
NEXT
The New Republican Party
• REPUBLICANS
EMERGE AS
LEADING PARTY
• Republican Party
forms in 1854; oppose
slavery in territories
• As the party grew it
took on Free-Soilers,
some anti-slavery
Democrats and Whigs,
and Know-Nothings
5. Republican
Party
Supporters
Reasons for
Their
Support
Antislavery
forces:
believed that the
spread of slavery
threatened the
free labor
system;
opposed slavery
on moral grounds
SECTION
1
Conflicts Lead to Secession
The Dred Scott Decision
• Dred Scott, a slave taken to free territory by owner,
claims freedom
• Supreme Court denies appeal; Scott has no legal
rights, not a citizen
• North angry; South reads ruling as guaranteed
extension of slavery
Continued . . .
NEXT
THE DRED SCOTT DECISION
•
•
•
•
DRED SCOTT
LOST HIS CHANCE
AT FREEDOM
Dred Scott, a slave taken to free territory by
owner, claims freedom
A major Supreme Court decision occurred when
slave Dred Scott was taken by his owner to free
states Illinois & Wisconsin
Scott argued that that made him a free man
• Finally in 1857, the Court ruled
against Dred Scott citing the
Constitution’s protection of property
• South reads ruling as guaranteed
extension of slavery
•
•
North angry;
The decision increased tensions over slavery
Supporters Reasons for
Their Support
6.
Dred Scott
decision
Proslavery
forces:
held that being on
free territory did not
make a slave free;
appeared to permit
and even guarantee
the extension of
slavery
SECTION
1
Conflicts Lead to Secession
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• 1858 Senate race between Senator Stephen
Douglas and Abraham Lincoln
• Douglas wants popular sovereignty to decide if state
is free or slave
• Lincoln considers slavery immoral; wants
constitutional amendment
Continued . . .
NEXT
LINCOLN – DOUGLAS DEBATES
• The 1858 race for U.S.
Senate in Illinois was
hotly contested between
Republican Lincoln and
Democratic Douglas
• One of the most
celebrated debates in
history ensued as the
topic was slavery in the
territories
• Douglas favored popular
sovereignty
• Lincoln considers slavery
immoral
• wanted a Constitutional
Amendment
SECTION
1
continued Conflicts
Lead to Secession
Harper’s Ferry
• John Brown leads group to arsenal to start slave
uprising (1859)
• Troops put down rebellion; Brown is tried, executed
NEXT
The Raid on Harper’s Ferry
• While politicians debated the
slavery issue, John Brown
plotted a major slave revolt
ARSENAL
BROWN
• On October 16, 1859, he led a
band of 21 men, black and
white, into Harpers Ferry,
Virginia
• He hoped to seize a large
federal arsenal,
• Wants to start slave uprising
• Federal troops put down the
rebellion
• Brown was tried and executed
7. The raid
on Harpers
Ferry
Supporters
Reasons for
Their Support
Antislavery
forces:
was an attempt
to ignite a
general save
uprising
SECTION
1
continued Conflicts
Lead to Secession
Lincoln Is Elected President
• 1860, Lincoln beats 3 candidates, wins no southern
electoral votes
NEXT
Lincoln Is Elected President
1860 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
• Republicans nominated Abe
Lincoln
• Democrats split vote between 3
democrat candidates.
• Lincoln won the 1860 election
with less than half the popular
vote and no Southern electoral
votes
LINCOLN MEMORIAL
• The Southern states were not
happy
1860 ELECTION RESULTS
SECTION
1
continued Conflicts
Lead to Secession
Southern Secession
• 7 states secede after Lincoln’s victory; form
Confederacy in 1861
• Former senator Jefferson Davis elected president
of Confederacy
NEXT
SOUTHERN SUCESSION
• Lincoln’s victory in 1860
election convinced
Southerners that they
had to act quickly
• South Carolina led the
way, seceding from the
union in December of
1860
• A total of 9 states
seceded with 2 states
claimed by the CSA
• Southern delegates met
in February, 1861 and
formed the Confederate
States Former senator
Jefferson Davis elected
president of Confederacy
Supporters
Reasons for
Their Support
Antislavery
8. The
forces:
election of
Lincoln to the
presidency
Lincoln
opposed
expansion of
slavery and felt
that slavery was
morally wrong.