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Focus Activity: When and where do
you think this photo was taken?
The Civil War, 1861-1865
The Civil War, 1861-1865
• Fought between the United States
and the Confederate States of
America
• Caused primarily by slavery in the
Southern states and states’ rights
• The United States defeated the
Confederate States of America
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Major questions following the Civil War
1. How to rebuild
the South
2. How to bring
Southern states
back to the
United States
3. How to bring
former slaves
into the United
States as free
people
Re-building the South
Over 1 million Americans lost their lives
during the Civil War:
664,928 Northern casualties
483,286 Southern casualties
After 4 years of war, could Northerners
and Southerners rebuild together?
Could they become unified as citizens of
the same country?
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Consequences for Confederate States
Should people who fought against
the United States be allowed to
become citizens? Should they be
punished?
What should be done to Southern
state governments that fought
against the U.S.?
Freedmen
How would freed
men and women
be treated in the
Southern states?
What do you
think were some
of the major
challenges faced
by former
slaves?
Chapter Focus Questions
• What were the competing political plans for
reconstructing the defeated Confederacy?
• How did African Americans negotiate the difficult
transition from slavery to freedom?
• What were the most political and social legacies of
Reconstruction in the southern states?
• How did economic and political transformations in
the North reflect another side of Reconstruction?
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Part Two:
American Communities: Hale County
Alabama: From Slavery
to Freedom
in a Black Belt Community
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American Communities: Hale County Alabama:
From Slavery to Freedom in a Black Belt
Community
• In Hale County, former slaves showed an increased sense
of autonomy, expressing it through politics and through
their new work patterns.
• One planter described how freed people refused to do
“their former accustomed work.”
• Former slaveholders had to reorganize their plantations
and allow slaves to work the land as sharecroppers, rather
than hired hands.
• Freed people organized themselves and elected two of
their number to the state legislature.
• These acts of autonomy led to a white backlash, including
nighttime attacks by Ku Klux Klansmen intent on terrorizing
freed blacks and maintaining white social and political
supremacy.
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Part Three:
The Politics of
Reconstruction
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The Defeated South
• The South had been thoroughly defeated
and its economy lay in ruins.
• The South resented its conquered status.
• The bitterest pill was the changed status of
African Americans whose freedom seemed
an affront to white supremacy.
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“Decorating the Graves of Rebel Soldiers,” Harper’s Weekly, August 17, 1867. After the Civil
War, both Southerners and Northerners created public mourning ceremonies honoring fallen
soldiers. Women led the memorial movement in the South that, by establishing cemeteries and
erecting monuments, offered the first cultural expression of the Confederate tradition. This
engraving depicts citizens of Richmond, Virginia, decorating thousands of Confederate graves
with flowers at the Hollywood Memorial Cemetery on the James River. A local women’s group
raised enough funds to transfer over
16,000
© 2009
PearsonConfederate
Education, Inc. dead from Northern cemeteries for
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reburial in Richmond.
Photography pioneer Timothy O’Sullivan took this portrait of a multigenerational African
American family on the J.J. Smith plantation in Beaufort, South Carolina, in 1862. Many
white plantation owners in the area had fled, allowing slaves like these to begin an early
transition to freedom before the
end
of the
Civil War.
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Pearson
Education,
Inc.
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Abraham Lincoln’s Plan
• Lincoln promoted a plan to bring states back into the
Union as swiftly as possible protecting private
property and opposing harsh punishments.
– Amnesty was promised to those swearing allegiance.
– State governments could be established if 10 percent of
the voters took an oath of allegiance.
• Lincoln used a pocket veto to kill a plan passed by
Congressional radicals
• Redistribution of land posed another problem.
• Congress created the Freedman’s Bureau.
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“Office of the Freedmen’s Bureau, Memphis, Tennessee,” Harper’s Weekly, June 2, 1866.
Established by Congress in 1865, the Freedmen’s Bureau provided economic, educational, and
legal assistance to former slaves in the post–Civil War years. Bureau agents were often called
upon to settle disputes between black and white Southerners over wages, labor contracts,
political rights, and violence. While most southern whites only grudgingly acknowledged the
Bureau’s legitimacy, freed people gained important legal and psychological support through
2009one.
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testimony at public hearings like©this
Andrew Johnson and Presidential Reconstruction
• Andrew Johnson, the new president, was a War Democrat
from Tennessee.
• He had used harsh language to describe southern
“traitors” but blamed individuals rather than the entire
South for secession.
• While Congress was not in session he granted amnesty to
most Confederates.
– Initially, wealthy landholders and members of the political elite
had been excluded, but Johnson pardoned most of them.
• By December, Johnson claimed that “restoration” was
virtually complete.
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The Radical Republican Vision
• Radical Republicans wanted to remake the South in the
North’s image, advocating land redistribution to make
former slaves independent landowners.
• Stringent “Black Codes” outraged many Northerners.
• In December 1865, Congress excluded the southern
representatives.
• Congress overrode Johnson’s vetoes of a Civil Rights bill and
a bill to enlarge the scope of the Freedman’s Bureau.
– Fearful that courts might declare the Civil Rights Act
unconstitutional, Congress drafted the Fourteenth Amendment.
• Republicans won the Congressional elections of 1866 that
had been a showdown between Congress and Johnson over
Reconstruction and the amendment.
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Congressional Reconstruction and the
Impeachment Crisis
• Map: Reconstruction of the South, 1866–77
• The First Reconstruction Act of 1867 enfranchised blacks
and divided the South into five military districts.
• A crisis developed over whether Johnson could replace
Secretary of War Edwin Stanton.
– In violation of the Tenure of Office Act, Johnson fired
Stanton.
• The House impeached Johnson but the Senate vote fell
one vote short of conviction.
– This set the precedent that criminal actions by a president—not
political disagreements—warranted removal from office.
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MAP 17.1
Reconstruction
of the South,
1866–77 Dates
for the
readmission of
former
Confederate
states to the
Union and the
return of
Democrats to
power varied
according to the
specific political
situations in
those states.
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The Election of 1868
• By 1868, seven of the eleven ex-Confederate states
were back in the Union.
• Republicans nominated Ulysses Grant for
president.
• The Republicans attacked Democrats’ loyalties.
• Democrats exploited racism to gather votes and
used terror in the South to keep Republicans from
voting.
• Republicans won with less than 53 percent of the
vote.
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The Election of 1868
• The remaining unreconstructed states
(Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia) had to ratify
both the Fourteenth and Fifteenth
Amendments to be admitted to the Union.
• The states ratified the amendments and
rejoined the Union in 1870.
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The Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in 1870, stipulated that the right to vote could not be
denied “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” This illustration
expressed the optimism and hopes of African Americans generated by this
constitutional landmark aimed at protecting black political rights. Note the various
political figures (Abraham Lincoln, John Brown, Frederick Douglass) and movements
(abolitionism, black education) invoked here, providing a sense of how the amendment
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ended a long historical struggle.
Woman Suffrage and Reconstruction
• Women’s rights activists were outraged that the new
laws enfranchised African Americans but not women.
• The movement split over whether to support a
linkage between the rights of women and African
Americans.
– The more radical group fought against the passage of the
Fifteenth Amendment and formed an all-female suffrage
group.
– A more moderate group supported the amendment while
working toward suffrage at a state level and enlisting the
support of men.
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Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906)
and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
(1815–1902), the two most
influential leaders of the woman
suffrage movement. As founders of
the militant National Woman
Suffrage Association, Stanton and
Anthony established an
independent woman suffrage
movement with a broader spectrum
of goals for women’s rights, and
drew millions of women into public
life during the late nineteenth
century.
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Part Four:
The Meaning of Freedom
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Moving About
• For many freed people, the first impulse to
define freedom was to move about.
• Many who left soon returned to seek work
in their neighborhoods.
• Others sought new lives in predominantly
black areas, even cities.
• Former slaves enjoyed the freedom of no
longer having to show deference to whites.
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The African American Family
• Freedom provided the chance to reunite
with lost family members.
• The end of slavery allowed African
Americans to more closely fulfill
appropriate gender roles.
– Males took on more authority in the family.
– Women continued to work outside the home.
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African American Churches and Schools
• Church building was the most important element of
institution building that went on in the postemancipation years.
• African-American communities pooled their resources
to establish churches, the first social institution that
they fully controlled.
• Education was another symbol of freedom.
– By 1869 over 3,000 Freedman’s Bureau schools taught over
150,000 students.
– Black colleges were established as well.
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An overflow congregation crowds into Richmond’s First African Baptist Church in 1874.
Despite their poverty, freed people struggled to save money, buy land, and erect new
buildings as they organized hundreds of new black churches during Reconstruction. As the
most important African American institution outside the family, the black church, in addition
to tending to spiritual needs, played a key role in the educational and political life of the
community.
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Land Labor After Slavery
• Most former slaves hoped to become selfsufficient farmers, but with no land
redistribution this dream was not fulfilled.
• The Freedman’s Bureau was forced to evict
tens of thousands of blacks that had been
settled on confiscated lands.
• African Americans preferred sharecropping
to gang labor as it allowed flexibility.
• Sharecropping came to dominate the
southern agricultural economy.
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Land Labor After Slavery
• Sharecropping represented a compromise
between planter and former slave.
• Sharecroppers set their own hours and
tasks.
• Families labored together on adjoining
parcels of land.
• Map: The Barrow Plantation, Oglethorpe
County, Georgia, 1860 and 1881 (approx.
2,000 acres)
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MAP 17.2 The Barrow Plantation, Oglethorpe County, Georgia, 1860 and 1881
(approx. 2,000 acres) These two maps, based on drawings from Scribner’s Monthly,
April 1881, show some of the changes brought by emancipation. In 1860, the
plantation’s entire black population lived in the communal slave quarters, right next to
the white master’s house. In 1881, black sharecropper and tenant families lived on
individual plots, spread out across the land. The former slaves had also built their own
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school and church.
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The Origins of African American Politics
• Former slaves organized politically to protect
their interests and to promote their own
participation.
• Five states had black electoral majorities.
• The Union League became the political voice
of former slaves.
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“The First Vote,”
Harper’s Weekly,
November 16, 1867,
reflected the optimism felt
by much of the northern
public as former slaves
began to vote for the first
time. The caption noted
that the freedmen went to
the ballot box “not with
expressions of exultation
or of defiance of their old
masters and present
opponents depicted on the
countenances, but looking
serious and solemn and
determined.”
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SOURCE: William L. Sheppard, “Electioneering in the South,” Harper’s
Weekly, July 25, 1868,
Seeing History Changing Images of
Reconstruction.
SOURCE: Thomas Nast, “The Ignorant Vote—Honors
Are Easy,” Harper’s Weekly, December 9, 1876.
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Part Five:
Southern Politics and
Society
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Southern Politics and Society
• Most northerners were satisfied with a
reconstruction that brought the South
back into the Union with a viable
Republican Party.
– Achieving this goal required active
Federal support to protect the AfricanAmerican voters upon which it depended.
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Southern Republicans
• Republicans drew strength from:
– white, northern, middle-class emigrants
called carpetbaggers
– native southern white Republicans called
scalawags who were businessmen and
Unionists from the mountains with old
scores to settle
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Reconstructing the States: A Mixed
Record
• Throughout the South, state conventions that had a
significant African-American presence drafted constitutions
and instituted political and humanitarian reforms.
– The new governments insisted on equal rights, but accepted
separate schools.
• The Republican governments did little to assist African
Americans in acquiring land.
– Republican leaders envisioned promoting northern-style
prosperity and gave heavy subsidies for railroad development.
– These plans frequently opened the doors to corruption.
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White Resistance and “Redemption”
• Many white southerners believed that the
Republicans were not a legitimate political
group.
• Paramilitary groups like the Ku Klux Klan used
terror to destroy the Reconstruction
governments and intimidate their supporters.
– Congress passed several laws to crack down on the
Klan.
• The Civil Rights Act of 1875 outlawed racial
discrimination in public places.
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The Ku Klux Klan emerged as a potent political and social force during Reconstruction,
terrorizing freed people and their white allies. An 1868 Klan warning threatens
Louisiana governor Henry C. Warmoth with death. Warmoth, an Illinois-born
“carpetbagger,” was the state’s first Republican governor. Two Alabama Klansmen,
photographed in 1868, wear white hoods to hide their identities.
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White Resistance and “Redemption”
• As wartime idealism faded and Democrats gained
strength in the North, northern Republicans
abandoned the freed people and their white
allies.
• Conservative Democrats (Redeemers) won control
of southern states.
• Between 1873 and 1883, the Supreme Court
weakened enforcement of the Fourteenth and
Fifteenth Amendments and overturned
convictions of Klan members.
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King Cotton: Sharecroppers, Tenants
and the Southern Environment
• Map: Southern Sharecropping and the Cotton
Belt, 1880
• The South grew more heavily dependent on
cotton.
• The crop lien system provided loans in exchange
for a lien on the crop.
• As cotton prices spiraled downward, cotton
growers fell more deeply into debt.
• The South emerged as an impoverished region.
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MAP 17.3 Southern Sharecropping and the Cotton Belt, 1880 The economic
depression of the 1870s forced increasing numbers of Southern farmers, both white and
black, into sharecropping arrangements. Sharecropping was most pervasive in the cotton
belt regions of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and east Texas.
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Part Six:
Reconstructing
the North
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The Age of Capital
• Fueled by railroad construction, the postwar years saw
a continued industrial boom that concentrated
industries into the hands of a few big businesses.
• In 1882 Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act
which suspended Chinese immigration for ten years.
• Several Republican politicians maintained close
connections with railroad interests resulting in the
Crédit Mobilier scandal.
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Chinese immigrants, like these section gang workers, provided labor and skills
critical to the successful completion of the first transcontinental railroad. This
photo was taken in Promontory
Point,Education,
Utah Territory,
in 1869.
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Inc.
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Liberal Republicans and the Election of 1872
• The Republican Party underwent dramatic changes because:
– party leaders concentrated on holding on to federal patronage;
– a growing number of Republicans were appalled by the corruption of the
party and sought an alternative.
• The Liberal Republicans:
–
–
–
–
were suspicious of expanding democracy;
called for a return to limited government;
proposed civil service reform to insure elites would have federal posts;
opposed continued federal involvement in Reconstruction.
• In 1872, Horace Greeley challenged Ulysses Grant for the presidency.
Grant easily won but the Liberal Republican agenda continued to
gain influence.
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The Depression of 1873
• In 1873, a financial panic triggered the longest
depression in American history.
• Prices fell, unemployment rose, and many
people sank deeply in debt.
• Government officials rejected appeals for
relief.
• Clashes between labor and capital led many to
question whether their society was one with a
harmony of interests.
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“The Tramp,” Harper’s Weekly, September 2, 1876. The depression that began in 1873
forced many thousands of unemployed workers to go “on the tramp” in search of jobs.
Men wandered from town to town, walking or riding railroad cars, desperate for a chance
to work for wages or simply for room and board. The “tramp” became a powerful symbol
of the misery caused by industrial depression and, as in this drawing, an image that
evoked fear and nervousness©among
theEducation,
nation’s
2009 Pearson
Inc. middle class.
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The Electoral Crisis of 1876
• Map: The Election of 1876
• As the election of 1876 approached, new scandals
in the Grant administration hurt the Republicans.
• The Democrats nominated Samuel J. Tilden of New
York, a former prosecutor. Democrats combined
attacks on Reconstruction with attacks on
corruption.
• The Republican nominee, Rutherford B. Hayes of
Ohio, promised to clean up corruption.
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MAP 17.4 The Election of
1876 The presidential
election of 1876 left the
nation without a clear-cut
winner.
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The Electoral Crisis of 1876
• Tilden won more votes than Hayes, but both sides claimed
victory.
• In three southern states two sets of electoral votes were
returned.
• An electoral commission awarded the disputed votes to
Hayes.
• Hayes struck a deal that promised money for southern
internal improvements and noninterference in southern
affairs.
• The remaining federal troops were removed from the
South.
• The remaining Republican governments in the South lost
power.
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Part Seven:
Conclusion
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