Download Ch. 21 – The Furnace of War

Ch 21 PPT
Civil War
Bull Run Ends the “90-Day War”
• July 1861 - Battle of Bull Run: At 1st, battle went well
for the Union, but Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson stood
firm. Confederate reinforcements arrived – Union
army fled.
• Significance: Overconfidence in the South – Soldiers
deserted; some feeling the war was over.
• North – Realized war wasn’t going to be over quickly
TMWK 21
1. Pg. 455 Political Cartoon: What was
happening along the Potomac River in 1862?
How does the cartoonist portray the fighting?
2. Pg 457 Much of the Civil War was fought in
what areas? Were any battles fought in
Union (Northern) areas? Where?
“Tardy George” McClellan:
Peninsula Campaign
• Gen McClellan: Commander of Potomac Army
• Great organizer and morale booster, but
overcautious –trained troops, but didn’t move Lincoln ordered him to advance.
• 1862 Peninsula Campaign- McClellan approaches
Richmond via rivers – captures Yorktown; continues
toward Richmond, but driven back by Gen Lee in the
Seven Days’ Battle (Summer 1862)
• Significance: If Union had captured Richmond,
South wouldn’t have lost much of their way of life.
• However, Lincoln decided that South can’t try to break
apart the govt., then come back into the Union without
consequences. So Lincoln began to draft an
Emancipation Proclamation.
Peninsula Campaign 1862
Name that General!
Name that General!
Name that General!
Name that General!
TMWK
3. Pg 457 paragraph: What was the
North’s 6 part Military Plan to win the
Civil War?
North’s Military Plan: 6 Parts
1. Suffocate South by sea blockade.
2. Free slaves to undermine South’s economy.
3. Seize control of Mississippi R. to cut the
Confederacy in half.
4. Send troops to Georgia and Carolinas.
5. Capture Richmond.
6. Engage the South’s main strength and overtake
them.
War at Sea
• Blockade wasn’t complete, but focused on South’s
main ports. (coast too large to cover all)
• Blockade running occurred using swift steamers–
risky, but large profits; exchanged arms for cotton.
• Northern Navy enforced blockade by seizing British
freighters.
• Southerners plated the sides of the Merrimack
(renamed Virginia) with iron railroad rails. Merrimack
destroyed two wooden Union ships.
• North Response: Union sent the ironclad Monitor to
attack the Merrimack. Confederates eventually
destroyed the Merrimack so the Union wouldn’t get a
hold of it.
Sea Blockade of South
Sea Blockade of the South
Pivotal Point: Antietam
• Aug 1862: 2nd Battle of Bull Run – Gen Lee against
Union Gen John Pope. South won!
• Battle of Antietam, Maryland: Gen Lee against
Union Gen McClellan. Lee’s battle plan was found so
Gen McClellan successful in stopping Gen Lee’s
march on Border State of Maryland. (battle was a
draw). Lee went South, and McClellan didn’t go after
him. McClellan lost his command. (fired!)
• Significance: This “victory” for the North became the
springboard for Lincoln to launch a preliminary
Emancipation Proclamation in Sept 1862.
“After Jan 1, 1863: the character of the war will be
changed…the South is to be destroyed and replaced…”
TMWK
4. Pg 461 Use the key to describe three points
that the map is showing.
Proclamation Without Emancipation
• Sept 1862: Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
• Jan 1, 1863 – Emancipation Proclamation: Declared
“forever free” slaves in the Confederates states in
rebellion.
• Slaves in Border States weren’t affected since
Lincoln concerned they would break away. “Thus the
Emancipation Proclamation was stronger on
proclamation than emancipation.”
• Thousands of slaves flocked to Union armies. 1 in 7
slaves ran away to Union camps.
• Strengthened moral cause of the Union and
removed any chance of negotiated settlement.
• Military desertions greatly increased - not everyone
agreed with the Proclamation.
Emancipation Proclamation
Blacks Fighting Bondage
• North: Beginning of war – no Blacks in the army.
Union Navy used Blacks as cooks, stewards, firemen.
• Need for manpower – Blacks eventually accepted; by
end of war 180,000 Blacks served in the Union army.
• High casualties – more than 38,000 died. If captured,
many were put to death as slaves in revolt.
Blacks in the South
• South: Didn’t enlist Blacks until a month before war
ended. However, tens of thousands of Blacks
forced into war related labor.
• Slave resistance: slowdowns, strikes, defiance, and
undermined discipline.
• Slaves served as: Union spies, guides, scouts, or
provided shelter to war prisoners.
• At end of war: half million slaves fled from the
plantations.
• Many who stayed negotiated new working
conditions in factories or on farms.
Battles Continue
• Lincoln replaced McClellan as commander of
Army of Potomac with Gen Burnside
• Dec 1862: Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia –
Union Gen Burnside attacked Gen Lee’s
position. Union lost - 12,000 casualties.
• May 1863: Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia –
Gen Lee divided his forces and sent “Stonewall”
Jackson to attack much larger Union force lead
by Gen Joseph Hooker. Lee won a brilliant
victory, but unfortunately “Stonewall” Jackson
was mistakenly shot by his own men and died.
• General Lee: “I have lost my right arm.”
Rest in Peace
Great General: Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
TMWK
5. Map pg 464 What was the Northern most
point that the Southern Confederates were
able to reach during the war?
6. Map Pg 466 During the Battle of Gettysburg,
what Hill did Pickett attempt to charge up to
attack the North?
Battle of Gettysburg
• July 1863: Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (Northernmost
point reached by Confederate Army) For 3 days, Union troops
led by Gen George Meade fought Confederate troops led by
Gen Lee and Gen George Pickett. On 3rd day, Confederate
Gen Pickett’s brave charge up Cemetery Ridge failed.
Confederate army retreated.
• Significance: Last real chance for Confederacy to win the war,
but this loss broke the heart and back of the Confederate
cause.
• Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address: invoked principles of human
equality and to ensure that democracy would remain a possible
form of government
TMWK
7. Map pg 468 What 2 forts did Grant attack
in Tennessee in order to get to the
Mississippi River?
8. Map Pg 469 Which Northern goal is being
reached and what 3 states did the Union
invade?
War in the West
• Feb 1862, Gen Ulysses S. Grant: 1st success in
Tennessee – Captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson.
• Significance: Kentucky more secured to the Union
and opened gateway to enter Tennessee and Georgia.
• April 1862: Battle of Shiloh, TN – Confederate forces
launched surprise attack on Gen Grant. North won!
• May 1863: Battle of Vicksburg, Miss. – Union Gen
Grant’s best fought campaign; His Army of the
Tennessee crossed the Miss. River - drove
Confederate army & Lt Gen John C. Pemberton into
defensive lines surrounding city of Vicksburg: 5 days
later Port Hudson fell - South loses control of Miss
River.
TMWK
9. Pg 471 Chart How many political parties
arose during the Election of 1864? Name
them.
Election of 1864
• Lincoln’s re-election depended on keeping
Republican support and defeating the threat from
Peace Democrats and Copperheads. VP running mate
= Andrew Johnson, a war Democrat.
• Republican party joined with War Democrats =
Union party.
• Democrat candidate: Gen George McClellan
• Lincoln benefited from Northern victories in battle, plus
Northern soldiers were furloughed home to vote for
Lincoln.
Peace Democrats and Copperheads = Northern
Democrats who opposed Civil War, wanted immediate
peace settlement with Confederates. Most famous
Copperhead was Ohio's Clement L. Vallandigham, a
Congressman.
Election of 1864
Grant Outlasts Lee
• After Gettysburg, Gen Grant replaced Meade.
• Gen Lee had fewer men.
• April 1865: Northern troops captured Richmond
and cornered Lee at Appomattox Courthouse in
Virginia.
• Gen Grant met with Gen Lee - made terms and
signed surrender document
• Confederate Gen Joseph
Johnston's army was still fighting
the Union Army
General
Grant
Lincoln Assassinated
• April 14, 1865 – 5 days after Gen Lee’s surrender:
pro-Southern stage actor, John Wilkes Booth
fatally shot Pres Lincoln at Ford’s Theater.
• Southerners realize Lincoln’s death was a calamity
for them. Lincoln’s moderation would have been
better than viewpoint of the Congress.
• Vice Pres Andrew Johnson becomes pres.
• Booth was shot less than
2 weeks later by a union
soldier
Aftermath of Civil War
• Over 600,000 killed; over 400,000 wounded. Costs
$15 billion.
• Nation was re-united politically, though for generations
still divided by the war.
• South collapsed - both economically and socially.
• 13 Amendment: passed by Senate, April 1864; passed
by the House on Jan 1865; adopted Dec 1865.
TMWK
10. What does the Federal government
need to do to re-unite North and South?
Write down 2 ideas.
Why is Antietam considered the
turning point in the Civil War?
Why did Lincoln declare his Emancipation
Proclamation? What did it really achieve?
Essential Questions
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Why did both the North and the South believe that it would be a
short war?
Why is Antietam considered the turning point in the Civil War?
Why did Lincoln declare his Emancipation Proclamation? What
did it really achieve?
To what extent did both free and enslaved blacks contribute to the
war effort?
What was the significance of Gettysburg?
How did General Sherman’s military strategy presage modern
warfare of the 20th century?
What finally led to Lee’s surrender at Appomattox?
How did Lincoln’s assassination change the outcome of the Civil
War?
What are some of the long-term influences of the Civil War?
To what extent did the Civil War benefit the freed slaves?