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The Civil War
(1861 – 1865)
Chapter 7
Statistics
North
South
 22 states
 11 states
 Population = 20 million
 Population = 11 million (9
 20,000 miles of railroad
 $4.8 billion – farms
 $1.5 billion –
manufacturing
 $207 million – bank
deposits
million whites)
 10,000 miles of railroad
 $1.9 billion – farms
 $155 million –
manufacturing
 $47 million – bank
deposits
Advantages
North
South
 Population
 Fighting a defensive war
 Industrial
 Better military leadership
 Financial
 Transportation
 More effective civilian
leadership
 National Government
already in place
 Men used to outdoors
 Superior cavalry
 Cotton – European
dependence
“The Civil War” (p. 3)
1.
Compare the resources of both the Union and Confederacy?
North (Union)

22 states

Population = 20 million

20,000 miles of railroad

$4.8 billion – farms

$1.5 billion – manufacturing

$207 million – bank deposits
South (Confederacy)

11 states

Population = 11 million (9 million whites)

10,000 miles of railroad

$1.9 billion – farms

$155 million – manufacturing
•
$47 million – bank deposits
War Aims
North
 Preserve the union
 Question: with or without
slavery?
South
 Create a separate,
independent country based
on states’ rights
 Emancipation Proclamation
 Defend homes and families
answered the question in
 Preserve agricultural way of
1863
life
Strategies
South
North
Three-pronged strategy
known as “Anaconda Plan”
 Blockade Southern coast
 Seize key rivers & RR’s;
split CSA in two
 Capture Richmond
 Offensive / defensive
(Fight mostly a defensive
war)
 Go on offensive when
conditions were favorable
for a CSA victory (e.g.
Antietam and Gettysburg)
Strategies
Anaconda Plan
“The Civil War” (p. 3)
2.
Describe the Confederate and Union strategies at the
beginning of the war?
The Confederate strategy revolved around a series of
measures:

fight a defensive war,

rely on aid from foreign powers (e.g. Britain and
France).

trade “King Cotton” with foreign powers (e.g.
Britain and France), and

win the war by not losing it.
“The Civil War” (p. 3)
2.
Describe the Confederate and Union strategies at the
beginning of the war?

The Union strategy revolved around the “Anaconda
Plan” (drafted by General Winfield Scott) and
involved:

splitting the Confederacy into three sections,

blockading major ports and rivers to cut off trade with
Europe, and

win the “war of attrition” with more resources available
than Confederacy.
Theatres of the Civil War
Eastern Theatre:
Fighting involved protecting each side’s capitol and trying to
threaten and/or capture the other side’s capitol – VA, MD
and points North and NW.
Western Theatre:
Fighting involved the Union strategy of cutting Confederacy
into pieces: KY, TN, NC and points South and SW.
Theatres of the Civil War
Armies & Battles
Naming the Armies & Battles of the War
 The Union named armies and battles after water features –
Army of the Potomac (McClellan), Army of the Ohio
(Grant), Army of the Tennessee (Sherman), etc.
 The CSA named armies and battles after land features –
Army of Northern Virginia (Lee), Army of Tennessee
(Johnston/Hood), etc.
Armies & Battles
Naming the Battles of the War
 Battle of Bull Run (N)=Battle of Manassas (S)
 Battle of Antietam (N)=Battle of Sharpsburg (S)
 Why did the United States names prevail?
Leadership
Confederate LeadershipPresident Jefferson Davis
found his key general early
in the war: Robert E. Lee
– took field command
(Summer 1862) – his army
became known as the Army
of Northern Virginia.
Leadership
Union LeadershipLincoln was not so fortunate
– leadership of Army of
the Potomac passed
through several generals
before Grant was given
command (Winter, 1864).
Union “Army of the Potomac”
o
Irvin McDowell – 1st Bull Run (defeated)
o
George McClellan – Pen. Campaign (defeated)
o
John Pope – 2nd Bull Run (defeated)
o
George McClellan – Antietam (draw; Northern victory)
o
Ambrose Burnside – Fredericksburg (defeated)
o
Joseph Hooker – Chancellorsville (defeated)
o
George G. Meade – Gettysburg (Northern victory)
o
Ulysses S. Grant ordered East by Lincoln (Winter, 1864) to
become Supreme Commander of all union armies & fought Lee in
Eastern Theatre to end of war – (Appomattox Court House).
First Battle of Bull Run (Virginia)
First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas Junction), July 1861 Beauregard (CSA) v. McDowell (USA).
 Confederate victory.
 First major battle of war.
 Significant casualties (showed neither side ready).
 McClellan became commander of Army of the Potomac (USA).
 Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson receives nickname and helps win
victory for CSA.
First Battle of Bull Run (Virginia)
First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas Junction), July
1861-
Beauregard, CSA
McDowell, USA
Jackson, CSA
First Battle of Bull Run (Virginia)
First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas Junction), July 1861
Battle of Shiloh (TN)
Battle of Shiloh (April, 1862)
 Albert S. Johnston (CSA) v. Grant (USA).
 Union victory.
 23,000 casualties – “Bloody Shiloh.”
 Albert S. Johnston killed.
 Showed Confederates would be unable to hold on to
Mississippi River Valley.
 Both armies would need to adopt more defensive positions
when in camp.
Battle of Shiloh (TN)
Battle of Shiloh (April, 1862)
Peninsula Campaign (VA)
Peninsula Campaign (May—July, 1862)
 Johnston / Lee (CSA) v. McClellan (USA).
 Union attempt to take Richmond from east.
 Confederate victory.
 McClellan failed to take Richmond and was relieved of
command – John Pope given command of Army of Potomac.
Peninsula Campaign (VA)
Peninsula Campaign (May—July, 1862)
Second Battle of Bull Run (VA)
Second Battle of Bull Run (August,1862)
 Lee (CSA) v. Pope (USA).
 Confederate victory.
 Lee goes North for first time.
 Pope relieved and McClellan given command of Army of
Potomac again.
Second Battle of Bull Run (VA)
Second Battle of Bull Run (August,1862)
Battle of Antietam (MD)
Battle of Antietam (September 17, 1862) Lee (CSA) v. McClellan (USA).
 Bloodiest single day of the war (23,000 casualties).
 Battle was a technical stalemate (tie), but strategically a
Union victory (Lee retreated back South).
 Emancipation Proclamation issued after this battle.
 McClellan relieved of command.
Battle of Antietam (MD)
Battle of Antietam (September 17, 1862)-
Battle of Antietam (MD)
Battle of Antietam (September 17, 1862)
“The Civil War” (p. 4)
3. What effect did the Battle of Antietam have
on the North in regard to fighting the war?
It encouraged President Abraham Lincoln to
write his Emancipation Proclamation and
change the cause of the war from preserving
the Union to ending slavery.
Emancipation Proclamation 1863
Lincoln Shows Hesitation Slavery protected by Constitution & Federal Government
had no power over where already existed.
 Doubted most Northerners would fight to free slaves.
 Did not want to alienate border states where slavery existed
(MO, KY, MD).
Emancipation Proclamation 1863
Lincoln Shows Hesitation-
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued - After Antietam
Effective - January 1, 1863
What Changed Lincoln’s Mind?
 Wanted to hurt South (war effort) as much as possible;
freeing slaves would do that (President’s role as commander in
chief).
 Wanted to prevent foreign intervention.
 Needed to clarify North’s war aims; answer slavery question.
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued - After Antietam
Effective - January 1, 1863
Emancipation Proclamation
Significance Basically all objectives achieved.
 Clarified North’s war aims – made the war a crusade for human
freedom.
 Prevented foreign intervention.
 Encouraged recruitment of black volunteers into Union army
(300,000).
Emancipation Proclamation
“54th Massachusetts Infantry” All-Black military unit which fought in the Civil war.
 The command of the 54th Massachusetts was Colonel
Gould Shaw.
 The 54th Massachusetts fought at the Battle of Fort
Wegener (just outside of Charleston, SC).
Emancipation Proclamation
“54th Massachusetts Infantry”-
“The Civil War” (p. 4)
4. How did African Americans respond to
Union recruitment efforts after the
Emancipation Proclamation of 1863?
The “Proclamation” encouraged many freed
Blacks in the Union to enlist in the military in
an effort to fight against the Confederacy
and end slavery.
Battle of Fredericksburg (VA)
Battle of Fredericksburg (December, 1862) Lee (CSA) v. Burnside (USA).
 Confederate victory.
 Burnside suffered heavy losses after repeated head-on
attacks against Lee’s artillery and dug-in infantry.
 Burnside relieved of command – Joseph Hooker given
command of Army of the Potomac.
Battle of Fredericksburg (VA)
Battle of Fredericksburg (December, 1862)-
Battle of Fredericksburg (VA)
Battle of Fredericksburg (December, 1862)-
Battle of Fredericksburg (VA)
Battle of Fredericksburg (December, 1862)-
Battle of Chancellorsville (VA)
Battle of Chancellorsville (May, 1863) Lee (CSA) v. Hooker (USA).
 Confederate victory – Known as Lee’s greatest victory.
 “Stonewall” Jackson shot by his own men and died.
 Hooker relieved of command – George G. Meade given
command of Army of the Potomac.
 Lee decided to go North again – leads to the Battle of
Gettysburg.
Battle of Chancellorsville (VA)
Battle of Chancellorsville (May, 1863)-
Battle of Chancellorsville (VA)
Battle of Chancellorsville (May, 1863)
Battle of Gettysburg (PA)
Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) Lee (CSA) v. Meade (USA).
 3rd day – Pickett’s Charge (13,000 men killed).
 Union victory – 51,000 casualties.
 Lee lost 1/3 of his army.
 Last Confederate offensive.
 Guaranteed no European recognition for Confederacy.
Battle of Gettysburg (PA)
Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863)-
Pickett
Longstreet
Lee
Battle of Gettysburg (PA)
Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863)-
Meade
Chamberlain
Battle of Gettysburg (PA)
Battle of Gettysburg (July 1,1863)
Battle of Gettysburg (PA)
Battle of Gettysburg (July 2, 1863)
Battle of Gettysburg (PA)
Battle of Gettysburg (July 3, 1863)
Battle of Gettysburg (PA)
Battle of Gettysburg (July 3, 1863)
“The Civil War” (p. 5)
8. Why was the Battle of Gettysburg
considered the “turning point” in the Eastern
Theatre of the war?
It was a Union victory resulting in a crushing
defeat for the Army of Northern Virginia as
Robert E. Lee’s army retreated.
“The Civil War” (p. 4)
5. Why did the Confederacy face severe shortages and
economic problems during the last two years of the
Civil War?

The Union blockade hampered trade and
transportation at Southern ports, rivers, and rail lines.

Since the wealth in the South was tied to agricultural
cultivation of the land and the slave labor which
supported it, much of the wealth declined as the
South could not cover its war costs.
“The Civil War” (p. 4)
6. How did women contribute to the war effort?
•
Women did the following:
•
ran businesses, farms, and plantations,
•
taught school,
•
fought as men;
•
cooked and did laundry in military camps,
•
served as spies and guides,
•
nursed sick and wounded soldiers, and
•
oversaw hospitals and sanitation at military
installations.
Siege and Fall of Vicksburg (MS)
Vicksburg (May – July 1863) Pemberton (CSA) v. Grant (USA).
 Union victory.
 City surrendered on July 4th after a long siege – Pemberton
surrendered 30,000 men.
 Completed Union strategy of splitting Confederacy in two
(last stronghold on Mississippi River).
Siege and Fall of Vicksburg (MS)
Vicksburg (May – July 1863)-
Siege and Fall of Vicksburg (MS)
Vicksburg (May – July 1863)
July 1863 - Turning Point
Turning Point of the War (July, 1863)
 Major Confederate defeats at Gettysburg and Vicksburg –
significant casualties for Confederacy could not be replaced.
 Lee could never again seriously threaten Northern soil – could
only fight on the defensive.
 Europeans finally shied away from recognition of
Confederacy.
 Richmond began to consider peace negotiations
 End of war finally seemed in sight for Union.
“The Civil War” (p. 4)
6. What was the outcome of the siege at
Vicksburg in July of 1863?
Vicksburg surrendered after a six-week siege
splitting the Confederacy into two sections.
Chattanooga (TN)
Siege of Chattanooga (November, 1863) Bragg (CSA) v. Grant (USA).
 Union victory; became staging ground for Atlanta campaign in
Spring of 1864.
 Grant attacked Bragg’s forces and drove them out of
Chattanooga into North Georgia.
 Bragg relieved; Johnston given command of CSA.
 Grant given command of all Union forces in East.
 Sherman given command of Union forces in West.
Chattanooga (TN)
Siege of Chattanooga (November, 1863) & March to Atlanta
Atlanta Campaign (GA)
Atlanta Campaign (April – September 1864) Johnston (CSA) v. Sherman (USA).
 Sherman methodically moved toward Atlanta – after Battle of
Kennesaw Mountain (June), Johnston relieved and Hood
given command.
 Hood attacked Sherman three times trying to drive him away
from Atlanta – all Confederate defeats.
Atlanta Campaign (GA)
Atlanta Campaign (April – September 1864)-
Atlanta Campaign (GA)
Atlanta Campaign (April – September 1864)
Atlanta Falls
The Fall of Atlanta Sherman laid siege to the city.
 Hood ordered to withdraw and save his forces.
 City surrendered to Sherman (September, 1864).
 Sherman began preparations for “March to the Sea.”
 Fall of Atlanta aided Lincoln’s reelection in 1864.
Atlanta Falls
The Fall of Atlanta-
March to the Sea (GA)
Sherman’s “March to the Sea” (November – December, 1864) Sherman (USA) v. no serious resistance.
 60 mile-wide swath of destruction from Atlanta to Savannah
(destroyed bridges, railroads, factories; crops, homes;
slaughtered livestock.
 “Total War” strategy – destroy not only enemy’s armies, but
also its means of supporting armies.
 Savannah surrendered (December 21).
 Boosted Union morale; lowered CSA morale.
March to the Sea (GA)
Sherman’s “March to the Sea” (November – December, 1864)
“Total War” in Virginia
Grant’s “Total War” Grant kept relentless pressure on Lee beginning in Spring of
1864.
 War in East became a war of attrition; Grant could replace his
losses; Lee could not.
 Almost continuous combat – Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold
Harbor, Petersburg.
 Lee suffered desertions during the winter (December, 1864 —
April, 1865).
Total War – Justified?
How did the Union Justify “Total War”?
 Make it as difficult as possible for the South to continue the
war.
 Necessary to destroy the South’s ability to continue fighting
– wage war not only on armies, but also South’s support
system.
 Shorten the war; save lives; end everyone’s suffering
 Additional significance: changed the characteristics of
modern warfare.
Total War – Justified?
Modern -- “Total War”
Total War – Justified?
Modern -- “Total War”
Appomattox Court House (VA)
Appomattox Court House (April, 1865) Lee (CSA) v. Grant (USA).
 Lee abandoned trenches; fled West trying to unite his forces
with Johnston’s.
 Richmond fell to Union forces.
 Grant caught up with Lee near Appomattox Courthouse;
Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9th
 Grant offered generous terms of surrender.
 This is considered to mark the end of the war.
Presidential Election of 1864
Presidential Election of1864 Those Northern Democrats who were
opposed to the war were called
Copperheads.
 The same “Copperheads” nominated
former general George McClellan.
 Lincoln eventually won the race with
the help of key victories in Atlanta and
Savannah.
Presidential Election of 1864
Presidential Election of1864
Appomattox Court House (VA)
Appomattox Court House (April, 1865)
Appomattox Court House (VA)
Surrender at Appomattox (April, 1865)
Lincoln’s Assassination
Assassinating the President (April 14, 1865) Killed by John Wilkes Booth.
 Shot in the head as he watched a play at Ford’s Theatre in
Washington, D.C.
 Carried across street to Peterson House.
 Died early the next morning.
 Booth was pursued and killed in a shootout.
 His co-conspirators were tried, convicted, and executed.
Lincoln’s Assassination
Assassinating the President (April 14, 1865)
Lincoln’s Assassination
John Wilkes Booth-
Lincoln’s Assassination
Lincoln’s Funeral (April 14, 1865)-
“The Civil War” (p. 5)
9.
What were some of the lasting effects of the Civil War?
•
The result of the Civil War included:
•
industrial boom in the North which established the
United States as a global economic power,
•
Blacks moved west and north from former slave states,
•
greater unity throughout the nation’s regions,
•
assertion of federal authority over the idea of “states’
rights.”
•
The initiation of Reconstruction in the South, 1865—
1877.