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1850s: A Decade of Crisis Chapter 18-19 Objective #1 • Assess the extent to which the idea of Manifest Destiny affected politics within the United States as illustrated by the Compromise of 1850 Objective #2 • Trace the increasing sectional hostility of the 1850s as a result of – Slavery – The Fugitive Slave Act – Kansas-Nebraska Act – “Bleeding Kansas” – Dred Scott v. Sanford – John Brown’s Raid Objective #3 • Trace the increasing sectional hostility of the 1850s, as a result of slavery, and the rise of the Republican Party and the election of 1860. North-South Avoids/Compromises Showdown on Slavery • 1787: 3/5 and slave trade compromises • 1820: Missouri Compromise • 1833: Nullification • After war with Mexico: what do we do with the new territory? The Mexican Cession Wilmot Proviso • “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist” in the new territories. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. – Attached to an appropriations bill for funding the war with Mexico • Passed House, Failed in Senate • Debate by section, not party line Did Congress Have the Right to Dictate Slavery in States? • Precedent said yes – Northwest Ordinance – Missouri Compromise John C. Calhoun’s Argument • Unconstitutional to prohibit slavery • Act of Congress cannot keep slaveholders from taking their property into territories (5th Amendment) QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Election of 1848 • Dems: Lewis Cass – Dems official stance on slavery: silence – Cass: Popular Sovereignty Quic kTime™ and a TIFF (Unc ompres sed) dec ompres sor are needed to see t his pic ture. • Whigs: Zachary Taylor – Taylor had never voted in an election – But was popular war hero – Silent on slavery (owned slaves) • Free-Soil: Martin Van Buren Quic kTime™ and a TIFF (Unc ompres sed) dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. Who were the Free-Soilers? • • • • Northerners Did not trust Cass or Taylor Supported Wilmot Proviso Abolitionists – Keep western land free of blacks (slave and free) so that whites would not have to compete with them – “Free soil, free labor, and free men” • Nationalists who wanted federal money for internal improvements • Advocated free homesteads for farmers • Industrialists against Polk’s reduced tariff • A few Northern Whigs and Antislavery Democrats Results of Election of 1848 QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Issues Taylor has to Solve • 1. California: Free or slave? • 2. Land from Mexico: Free or slave? • 3. Existence of slave trade in Washington D.C. • 4. Lack of enforcement of Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 – Southern states meet in Oct., 1849 to discuss secession. Compromise of 1850 • Written by Henry Clay • 1. California admitted as free state. • 2. New Mexico and Utah territories: popular sovereignty • 3. Texas given $10 million to pay off debts to Mexico. • 4. Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 • 5. Slave trade ended in D.C. (but not slavery) Taylor Threatens Veto QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. • But, Taylor dies unexpectedly in 1850. • VP Millard Fillmore becomes President • Signed into law • Political parties continue to split sectionally Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Required federal marshals to help slaveholders seize runaway slaves • Abolitionists: it encouraged kidnapping • Blacks could not testify on own behalf • Federal commissioners in charge of cases were paid more if they ruled person was a slave. • Many Northern states passed laws forbidding local officials from aiding Compromise of 1850 Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896) So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Sold 300,000 copies in the first year. 2 million in a decade! 1852 Presidential Election Franklin Pierce Democrat Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Whig Free Soil Major Party Candidates • Democrats (Pierce): – Pro-slavery Northerner (accepted by South) – Pro-territorial expansion (like Polk) – Endorsed the Compromise of 1850 • Whigs (Scott): – War hero (of course) – Pro-Compromise of 1850 • Problem for Whigs: More disorganized – Northerners did not like him for endorsing Fugitive Slave Act – Southerners did not like the Northerner. 1852 Election Results Federal Government in 1853 • Executive Branch: • Pro-slavery Northern President (Democrat) • Majority of cabinet was from South (Democrat) • Veto Power • Legislative Branch: • North controls House (Democratic controlled) • North controls Senate (Democratic controlled) • Judicial Branch: • Majority of the justices were Southerners Democrats in Control • Mandate for Manifest Destiny • 1853: Gadsden Purchase for southern railroad link to west coast for $10 million • South also interested in extending further south into Latin American lands Ostend Manifesto (1854) • Pierce approved a secret meeting of American diplomats in Ostend, Belgium QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. – Discussed buying Cuba for $120 million – South could potentially pass North in size and power • Northern free-soilers outraged – At same time Uncle Tom’s Cabin peaking – Pierce was forced to drop issue Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853 •Followed Cushing’s treaty with China in 1844 • First formal agreement between US and China •Perry arrives in Japan with warships • Gives Japanese gifts and asks for free trade • Returned in 1854 and received positive response Stephen Douglas QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Congressman from Illinois • Pro expansion • Pro popular sovereignty • Invested in railroads • Wanted to capture leadership of Democratic party Nebraska Question • Had to keep southern Democrats happy over slavery • Nebraska territory requests statehood • It is totally above 36 30 line • South wants Nebraska to be a slave state • He risks alienating South and ruining his chance to one day be President. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) • Split Nebraska into two territories (Kansas and Nebraska) • Both could decide by popular sovereignty • Assumption: One would be free, one would be slave • Endorsed by President Pierce Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Results of Kansas-Nebraska Act • Re-opened question of slavery in territories • Split parties further – Killed Whig Party (sectional differences within party) • Split the Union – Most Northerners were against the destruction of Missouri Compromise – Will resist all future southern demands for slave territory – Refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law • Bleeding Kansas (and later contributed to Civil War) Growing Cities • Increased nativism: job competition, language differences, religion, lowering wages • Immigrants usually supported Democratic Party • Growing belief that immigrants were corrupting politics • American (Know-Nothing) saw little success as third party. • Birth of Republican Party Birth of the Republican Party, 1854 ß Northern Whigs. ß Northern Democrats. ß Free-Soilers. ß Know-Nothings. ß Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Republican Platform • Would not interfere with slavery where it already existed • Did not support equal rights for blacks • Anti-Catholic • Pro-temperance • Pro-public school • End fugitive slave laws • Support middle class, small business, laborers, Northern farmers • Anti-Kansas Nebraska Act Problems with Kansas • New England Emigrant Aid Society sent freesoilers to Kansas to vote • Missouri sent citizens to Kansas to vote in the election (more of them) • Election results: twice as many people voted than number of registered voters • Pro-slavery government was elected (Shawnee Mission) • Free-Soilers set up government in Topeka • Federal government did nothing to solve problem. “Bleeding Kansas” Border “Ruffians” (pro-slavery Missourians) Violence in Kansas (1856) • Pro-slavery supporters march on free-soil supported Lawrence (Sack of Lawrence) • John Brown and group of abolitionists hack five pro-slavery men in revenge two days later (Massacre of Pottawatomie Creek) “The Crime Against Kansas” Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) Congr. Preston Brooks (D-SC) 1856 Presidential Election √ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Democrat Republican Millard Fillmore Know-Nothing 1856 Election Results 1857: Call for New Election in Kansas • LeCompton Constitution offered by the pro-slavery government as a “compromise” • Only allowed people to vote on existing constitution with or without slavery • Constitution protected slavery where it already existed 1857 Election results • • • • • Only 2000 of 24,000 voters participated Proslavery government elected Free blacks barred from state President James Buchanan endorsed it Stephen Douglas opposed it: not true popular sovereignty – Persuaded Senate to reject constitution – Hurt his support in the South • Kept Kansas from becoming a state until 1861 – Would become a free state when secessionists left Congress Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 Dred Scott Case (1857) • Slaves are property and cannot be taken without due process (5th Amendment) – Compromise of 1820 had been unconstitutional all along – Congress did not have power to ban slavery in the territories • Could not sue because he is not a citizen Panic of 1857 • Caused by: – Over-speculation of land – Flood of gold from California caused inflation – Problems in grain market • North hit worst • North favored higher tariff (industrialists) and cheaper land (farmers) – Homestead Act (1860): public land given to farmers for $.25 an acre (vetoed by Buchanan) – Republican party planks in 1860 • King Cotton not impacted – South saw this as proof of economic superiority of cotton production The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858 A House divided against itself, cannot stand. Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) • S. Douglas (D) – Dodged slavery issue – Popular sovereignty • Believed to be the front-runner for presidential nomination in 1860. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncomp resse d) de com press or are nee ded to s ee this picture. Lincoln-Douglas Debates • Abraham Lincoln (Re) – Anti-slavery but proUnion first – Believed in political equality of blacks • Challenged Douglas to a series of debates QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Freeport Doctrine • Douglas stated that people in a territory could vote slavery down despite the Dred Scott decision • Upset South • Further splits Democratic party • Douglas wins election but damages his chances for being President John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859 John Brown’s Raid (1859) • Brown and 22 men raid the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry • Hoped to provoke slave uprising • Arrested and executed for treason • Madman or martyr? • Gap between North and South grows √ Abraham Lincoln Republican Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat 1860 Presidential Election John Bell Constitutional Union John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat Election of 1860 • Democrats cannot decide on a candidate – North supports S. Douglas – South supports John Breckenridge (upset with Douglas over Freeport Doctrine) • Democrats split into Northern and Southern Democrats with two candidates • Constitutional Union Party: fourth party made up of some Democrats, Know-Northings and former Whigs – John Bell was their nominee Election of 1860 • Republicans want to take advantage of the split • Run “moderate” Abraham Lincoln • Reduced attacks on slavery (except to come out against extension of slavery), avoided expansion and equal rights Republican Party Platform in 1860 ß Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers. ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists]. ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “KnowNothings”]. ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest]. ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense. ß Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers]. 1860 Election: 3 “Outs” & 1 ”Run!” 1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?! 1860 Election Results Note: Lincoln did not appear on the ballot in 10 southern states Crittenden Compromise • Amendment to Constitution trying to save Union – Slavery prohibited North of 36 30 line – Future states could come into the Union with or without slavery • Not enough to save the Union Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860 Confederate States of America • Created in February, 1861 • Jefferson Davis was elected President – President Buchanan did nothing • Needed his military (15,000 troops) to patrol Native Americans out west • Believed an attack would ruin any chance of reconciliation • Border states stay in the Union Ft. Sumter: April, 1861 • Symbol of Union power in CSA • U.S. Major Robert Anderson requested supplies – Lincoln wants to avoid war--that means no troops or weapons – Lincoln also afraid borders states would leave • Lincoln sends supplies • CSA, led by PGT Beauregard attacks • USA surrenders at battle of Ft. Sumter Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861