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The American Nation
Chapter 16
Slavery Divides the
Nation, 1820–1861
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
The American Nation
Chapter 16: Slavery Divides the Nation, 1820–1861
Section 1:
Slavery in the Territories
Section 2:
The Compromise of 1850
Section 3:
The Crisis Deepens
Section 4:
The Republican Party Emerges
Section 5:
A Nation Divides
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Slavery in the Territories
Chapter 16, Section 1
• What was the purpose of the Missouri
Compromise?
• Why did conflict arise over the issue of
slavery in the western territories?
• Why was the Free-Soil party founded?
The Missouri Compromise
Chapter 16, Section 1
In 1819, there were 11 free states and 11 slave states.
Representation in the Senate was evenly balanced between
the North and the South.
Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state. That would
give the South a majority in the Senate.
Henry Clay proposed the Missouri Compromise.
• Missouri would join the Union as a slave state.
• Maine would join the Union as a free state.
• Congress drew an imaginary line across the southern
border of Missouri at latitude 36º30´N. Slavery would be
permitted in the Louisiana Purchase south of that line.
Missouri Compromise Map
The Issue of Slavery in the West
Chapter 16, Section 1
The Problem
As a result of the Mexican War, the United States
acquired a vast amount of land. The Missouri
Compromise applied only to the Louisiana Purchase, not
the new western lands.
The Argument
North:
Congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania called for a
law to ban slavery in any territories won from Mexico.
This proposal was known as the Wilmot Proviso.
South:
Southern leaders said Congress had no right to ban
slavery in the West.
The Outcome
The house passed the Wilmot Proviso, but the Senate
defeated it. The argument continued.
The Issue of Slavery in the West
Chapter 16, Section 1
Abolitionists
Slavery should be banned throughout the country. It is
morally wrong.
Southern
slaveholders
Slavery should be allowed in any territory. Slaves who
escape to the North should be returned.
Other views
• The Missouri Compromise line should be extended all
across the Mexican Cession. Any state south of the line
could allow slavery.
• States carved out of the Mexican Cession should
decide the slavery issue by popular sovereignty;
that is, voters in a new territory should decide for
themselves whether or not to allow slavery.
The Founding of the Free-Soil Party
Chapter 16, Section 1
In 1848, slavery became an important election
issue for the first time.
• Many northern Democrats and Whigs opposed
the spread of slavery.
• They did not speak up because they did not
want to lose southern votes. Also, they feared
the slavery issue would split the nation.
• In 1848, antislavery members of both parties
formed the Free-Soil party. Only a few
members were abolitionists. The party’s main
goal was to keep slavery out of the western
territories.
Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 1
The main purpose of the Missouri Compromise was
a) to abolish slavery in all of the Louisiana Purchase.
b) to allow slavery in all of the Louisiana Purchase.
c) to keep the Union from splitting.
d) to keep slavery out of the Mexican Cession.
People who favored popular sovereignty argued that
a) voters in a new territory should decide whether to allow slavery there.
b) the Missouri Compromise line should be extended across the Mexican
Cession.
c) slavery should be banned completely everywhere in the country.
d) slavery should be allowed everywhere in the country.
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Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 1
The main purpose of the Missouri Compromise was
a) to abolish slavery in all of the Louisiana Purchase.
b) to allow slavery in all of the Louisiana Purchase.
c) to keep the Union from splitting.
d) to keep slavery out of the Mexican Cession.
People who favored popular sovereignty argued that
a) voters in a new territory should decide whether to allow slavery there.
b) the Missouri Compromise line should be extended across the Mexican
Cession.
c) slavery should be banned completely everywhere in the country.
d) slavery should be allowed everywhere in the country.
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The Compromise of 1850
Chapter 16, Section 2
• Why did the slavery debate erupt again in
1850?
• What was the impact of the Compromise of
1850?
• How did Uncle Tom’s Cabin affect attitudes
toward slavery?
The Slavery Debate Erupts Again
Chapter 16, Section 2
The Slavery Debate Erupts Again
Chapter 16, Section 2
• In 1849, there were 15 slave states and 15 free states.
California asked to enter the Union as a free state.
• If California entered the Union as a free state, the North
would have a majority in the Senate. The South feared that
Oregon, Utah, and New Mexico would also soon join the
Union as free states.
• Some southerners worried that they would be outvoted in
the Senate. They said southern states should secede, or
remove themselves, from the United States.
• Northerners said that California should be allowed to enter
the Union as a free state because most of the territory lay
north of the Missouri Compromise line.
The Slavery Debate Erupts Again
The Argument in the Senate
Chapter 16, Section 2
Henry Clay of Kentucky
He pleaded for the North and South to reach an
agreement and warned that the nation could break
apart.
John C. Calhoun of
South Carolina
• He refused to compromise and insisted that
slavery be allowed in the western territories.
• He demanded that fugitive, or runaway, slaves
be returned to their owners as lost “property.”
• He said that if the North did not agree to these
demands, the South would use force to leave
the Union.
Daniel Webster of
Massachusetts
• He felt that slavery was evil, but the breakup of
the United States would be worse.
• He warned against civil war, a war between
people of the same country.
• He thought that northerners should be forced to
return fugitive slaves.
The Compromise of 1850
Chapter 16, Section 2
Upholds
popular
sovereignty in
New Mexico
and Utah
Admits
California as a
free state
Settles
Texas/New
Mexico
border
dispute
Compromise
of 1850
Includes
Fugitive
Slave Act
Bans slave
trade in
Washington,
D.C.
The Compromise of 1850
Chapter 16, Section 2
Compromise of 1850 Map
Impact of the Compromise of 1850
Chapter 16, Section 2
Provisions of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
• All citizens must help catch runaway slaves.
• People who let fugitives escape could be fined $1,000 and jailed.
• Special courts would handle cases of runaways. There would be
no jury trials. Judges would receive $10 for sending an accused
runaway to the South and $5 for setting someone free.
Response to the Fugitive Slave Act
• Some judges sent African Americans to the South whether or not
they were runaways.
• The act enraged antislavery northerners. It made them feel as if
they were part of the slave system.
• Tensions remained high because neither side got what it wanted.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Chapter 16, Section 2
What is Uncle Tom’s Cabin?
Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a novel called Uncle Tom’s
Cabin to show the evils of slavery and the injustice of the
Fugitive Slave Act. The book tells the story of Uncle Tom,
an enslaved African American noted for his kindness and
piety.
How did people react to Uncle Tom’s Cabin?
Northerners
Southerners
Northerners could no longer view slavery
as a political problem for Congress to
settle. More and more northerners now saw
slavery as a moral problem facing every
American.
Southerners claimed that the book did not
give a true picture of a slave’s life.
Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 2
Which one of the following statements was NOT a part of the Compromise of
1850?
a) California was admitted to the Union as a free state.
b) The slave trade ended in Washington, D.C.
c) Southern states that objected to the compromise could secede
peacefully.
d) A strict fugitive slave law required northerners to return runaway
slaves.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin affected attitudes toward slavery because it
a) described the cruelty of slavery.
b) showed that most slaveholders acted as kind guardians.
c) argued that northerners didn’t really know what slavery was like.
d) explained why northerners should return fugitive slaves.
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Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 2
Which one of the following statements was NOT a part of the Compromise of
1850?
a) California was admitted to the Union as a free state.
b) The slave trade ended in Washington, D.C.
c) Southern states that objected to the compromise could secede
peacefully.
d) A strict fugitive slave law required northerners to return runaway
slaves.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin affected attitudes toward slavery because it
a) described the cruelty of slavery.
b) showed that most slaveholders acted as kind guardians.
c) argued that northerners didn’t really know what slavery was like.
d) explained why northerners should return fugitive slaves.
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The Crisis Deepens
Chapter 16, Section 3
• What was the goal of the Kansas-Nebraska
Act?
• Why did violence erupt in Kansas and in the
Senate?
• What impact did the Dred Scott case have on
the nation?
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Chapter 16, Section 3
The Problem
The Compromise of 1850 dealt mainly with the Mexican Cession,
and not with the lands that were part of the Louisiana Purchase.
Provisions of the
Kansas-Nebraska
Act
• Nebraska Territory was to be divided into two territories—
Kansas and Nebraska.
• The settlers in each territory would decide the issue of slavery
by popular sovereignty.
The argument for
the act
• Many people thought the act was fair because the Compromise
of 1850 had applied popular sovereignty in New Mexico and
Utah.
• Southerners hoped slave owners from Missouri would move
into Kansas and make Kansas a slave state.
The argument
against the act
• The Missouri Compromise already banned slavery in Kansas
and Nebraska. In effect, the Kansas-Nebraska Act would
overturn the Missouri Compromise.
• Northerners protested by challenging the Fugitive Slave Act.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Chapter 16, Section 3
Kansas-Nebraska Map
• http://teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/se
ctionalism/lesson3/
Violence Erupts in Kansas
Chapter 16, Section 3
• Kansas settlers were to settle the slavery issue by popular
sovereignty. Proslavery and antislavery settlers fought for
control of Kansas. Abolitionists brought in settlers from
New England. Proslavery settlers also moved into Kansas,
and proslavery bands from Missouri—Border Ruffians—
often rode across the border into Kansas.
• In 1855, Kansas held elections. Border Ruffians voted
illegally, helping to elect a proslavery legislature.
Antislavery settlers refused to accept the legislature and
elected their own governor and legislature. Kansas had two
governments.
• A band of proslavery men raided the town of Lawrence,
destroying homes and smashing the press of a Free-Soil
newspaper.
Violence Erupts in Kansas (continued)
Chapter 16, Section 3
• Abolitionist John Brown led a band to the town of
Pottawatomie Creek and killed five proslavery settlers
there.
• The killings at Pottawatomie Creek led to more violence.
Both sides engaged in guerrilla warfare, or the use of hitand-run tactics. Newspapers started calling the territory
“Bleeding Kansas.”
Violence Erupts in the Senate
Chapter 16, Section 3
• Charles Sumner of Massachusetts was the
leading abolitionist senator. In one speech he
denounced the proslavery legislature of Kansas
and viciously criticized his southern foes,
especially Senator Andrew Butler of South
Carolina.
• A few days later Butler’s nephew, Congressman
Preston Brooks, marched into the Senate
chamber and with his cane beat Sumner until he
was unconscious.
The Dred Scott Case
Chapter 16, Section 3
What was the Dred Scott Case?
Dred Scott filed a lawsuit, that is, a legal case brought to settle a
dispute between people or groups. Dred Scott had been enslaved
in Missouri. He moved with his owner to Illinois and then to the
Wisconsin Territory, where slavery was not allowed. Scott with his
owner returned to Missouri. When his owner died, Scott claimed
that because he had lived in a free territory, he had become a free
man. The case reached the Supreme Court as Dred Scott v.
Sandford.
What did the Supreme Court decide?
• Scott could not file a lawsuit because, as an enslaved person, he
was not a citizen.
• Slaves were considered to be property.
• Congress did not have the power to outlaw slavery in any territory.
This decision meant the Missouri Compromise was
unconstitutional.
The Dred Scott Case
What impact did the Dred
Scott Case have?
Chapter 16, Section 3
White southerners
White southerners were overjoyed. The
decision meant that slavery was legal in all
territories.
African American
northerners
Northern African Americans condemned the
ruling and asked whites to join their efforts to
end slavery.
White northerners
White northerners were shocked. They had
hoped that if slavery were kept to the South, it
would eventually just die out. Now, slavery
could spread.
Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 3
After Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, violence broke out in
Kansas because
a) the Kansas-Nebraska Act backed up the Missouri Compromise.
b) a congressman from Kansas beat up a senator from Nebraska.
c) proslavery and antislavery forces were battling to gain control of the
Kansas territory.
d) slave owners tried to return Dred Scott to slavery.
One reason the Supreme Court’s Dred Scott decision shocked some
Americans was because the decision declared that
a) Congress could outlaw slavery in any territory.
b) northern African Americans could ask northern whites for help to end
slavery.
c) slaves were property in the same way that horses and sheep were
property.
d) Dred Scott was a second-class citizen.
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Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 3
After Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, violence broke out in
Kansas because
a) the Kansas-Nebraska Act backed up the Missouri Compromise.
b) a congressman from Kansas beat up a senator from Nebraska.
c) proslavery and antislavery forces were battling to gain control of the
Kansas territory.
d) slave owners tried to return Dred Scott to slavery.
One reason the Supreme Court’s Dred Scott decision shocked some
Americans was because the decision declared that
a) Congress could outlaw slavery in any territory.
b) northern African Americans could ask northern whites for help to end
slavery.
c) slaves were property in the same way that horses and sheep were
property.
d) Dred Scott was a second-class citizen.
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The Republican Party Emerges
Chapter 16, Section 4
• Why did the Republican party come into
being in the mid-1850s?
• What events lay behind the rapid emergence
of Abraham Lincoln as a Republican leader?
• How did Americans react to John Brown’s
raid on Harpers Ferry?
The Republican Party Emerges
Chapter 16, Section 4
Who formed the Republican Party?
• A group of Free-Soilers, northern Democrats, and
antislavery Whigs
Why did they form a new party?
• They believed that neither the Whigs nor the
Democrats would take a strong enough stand
against slavery.
What was the goal of the party?
• Its main goal was to keep slavery out of the
western territories. A few Republicans hoped to
end slavery in the South as well.
How Abraham Lincoln Became Leader
of the Republican Party
Chapter 16, Section 4
•
•
•
•
•
•
Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky. Later, he lived in Indiana and
Illinois.
Lincoln opened a store in Illinois. He studied law and entered politics.
He served eight years in the state legislature and one term in
Congress.
He opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, so he ran for the Senate in
1858.
During the Senate campaign, he debated Stephen Douglas seven
times.
• Lincoln: Slavery is wrong. African Americans are entitled to all the
natural rights in the Declaration of Independence, so slavery
should not extend to the territories. However, it can remain in the
states where it already exists.
• Douglas: The slavery question should be settled by popular
sovereignty.
Douglas narrowly won the election. However, during the campaign,
Lincoln became known throughout the country.
The Impact of John Brown’s Raid
Chapter 16, Section 4
•
•
•
•
•
•
In 1859, John Brown led followers, including five African
Americans, to Harpers Ferry, Virginia. He planned to raid a federal
arsenal, or gun warehouse.
Brown took over the arsenal. He expected that would inspire a
slave uprising, but none took place.
Troops killed ten raiders and captured Brown. He was tried for
murder and treason, or actions against one’s country.
Brown gave a moving defense of his actions. Nevertheless he was
found guilty and sentenced to death. John Brown was hanged.
To many northerners, John Brown became a martyr because he
was willing to give up his life for his beliefs.
White southerners were outraged at the northern response. Many
southerners became convinced that the North wanted to destroy
slavery and the South along with it.
Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 4
When the Republican party was formed in the 1850s, its main goal was to
a) attract southern support for popular sovereignty.
b) see to it that Abraham Lincoln became President.
c) end slavery in all states of the United States.
d) keep slavery out of the western territories.
During his campaign for the United States Senate in 1858, Abraham Lincoln
argued that
a) African Americans were entitled to all of the natural rights listed in the
Declaration of Independence.
b) each and every state should decide slavery for itself.
c) slavery should be decided in the western territories by popular
sovereignty.
d) slavery should be ended in the South.
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Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 4
When the Republican party was formed in the 1850s, its main goal was to
a) attract southern support for popular sovereignty.
b) see to it that Abraham Lincoln became President.
c) end slavery in all states of the United States.
d) keep slavery out of the western territories.
During his campaign for the United States Senate in 1858, Abraham Lincoln
argued that
a) African Americans were entitled to all of the natural rights listed in the
Declaration of Independence.
b) each and every state should decide slavery for itself.
c) slavery should be decided in the western territories by popular
sovereignty.
d) slavery should be ended in the South.
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A Nation Divides
Chapter 16, Section 5
• How did the electon of 1860 reflect sectional
divisions?
• How did the South react to the election
results?
• How did the Civil War begin in 1861?
The Election of 1860
Chapter 16, Section 5
The Democratic party split in two: Northern Democrat
and Southern Democrat.
• Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas.
• Southern Democrats nominated John
Breckinridge.
Some Americans tried to heal the split by forming a
new party, the Constitutional Union party.
• The Constitutional Union party nominated John
Bell.
• The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln.
The Election of 1860: Republicans
• Abraham Lincoln nominated
• Home state of Illinois crucial to election
• Seen as moderate
• Platform to widen party’s appeal
• High tariffs for industry
• Free homesteads for small farmers
• Government aid for internal improvements
• Lincoln wins by carrying North
The Election of 1860: Democrats
• Party splits
• Northern Democrats
• Stephen Douglas
• continued support for popular sovereignty
• Southern Democrats
• John Breckenridge
• Federal protection of slavery in territories
The Election of 1860: Constitutional Union
Party
• Candidate John Bell
• Promises compromise between North and
South
Election of 1860: Outcome
• 2 contests
• North: Lincoln vs. Douglas
• South: Bell vs. Breckenridge
• Republicans get electoral majority with all but 3 Northern
electoral votes, although only 40% of popular vote nationwide
• South sees this as beginning of permanent minority status in
American politics
• Deep South political leaders launch secession movements
The Election of 1860
Chapter 16, Section 5
How the South Reacted to the Election of 1860
Chapter 16, Section 5
• Many southerners thought that Lincoln’s election meant the
South no longer had a voice in national government. They
believed the President and Congress were against them.
• Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky introduced a bill to
extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific. He
proposed an amendment to the Constitution that would
guarantee slavery south of the compromise line forever. His
proposals received little support.
• Other southerners believed secession was their only
choice. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the
first state to secede. By late February 1861, Alabama,
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas had
followed.
• At a convention in Montgomery, Alabama, the seven states
formed a new nation, the Confederate States of America.
Jefferson Davis became its president.
How the Civil War Began
Chapter 16, Section 5
•
•
•
•
•
When Lincoln took office, he warned that no state could lawfully leave
the Union.
Jefferson Davis had already ordered Confederate forces to begin
seizing federal forts in the South.
President Lincoln had to make a decision. Should he let Confederates
take over federal property and look like he was admitting that states
had a right to leave the Union? Or should he send troops to hold the
forts and risk a war?
By April 1861, the Union held only four forts in the South. Food
supplies at one—Fort Sumter in South Carolina—were running low.
Lincoln notified the governor of South Carolina that he was going to
ship food to Fort Sumter. He said he would not send troops or
weapons.
The Confederates demanded that Fort Sumter surrender to them. The
Union commander refused to give in. The Confederates opened fire.
The Union troops ran out of ammunition and had to surrender.
Section 5 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 5
To many southerners, Lincoln’s election meant southern states had to secede
from the Union because
a) the Democratic party had split in two.
b) they believed that Lincoln’s election meant the South no longer had a
voice in the national government.
c) they were looking for a way to compromise.
d) they wanted to save the Union.
The Civil War began when
a) Southern Democrats all voted for Breckinridge.
b) South Carolina seceded from the Union.
c) the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter.
d) Lincoln sent a shipload of weapons to Fort Sumter.
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Section 5 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 5
To many southerners, Lincoln’s election meant southern states had to secede
from the Union because
a) the Democratic party had split in two.
b) they believed that Lincoln’s election meant the South no longer had a
voice in the national government.
c) they were looking for a way to compromise.
d) they wanted to save the Union.
The Civil War began when
a) Southern Democrats all voted for Breckinridge.
b) South Carolina seceded from the Union.
c) the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter.
d) Lincoln sent a shipload of weapons to Fort Sumter.
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