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The Presidents 1st to Last! Early Republic (1789-1829) George Washington (1789-1797) Federalist Establishes a national bank: takes on debts of the states Whiskey Rebellion-shows willingness to enforce the law with force Bill of Rights ratified Jay’s Treaty–impressment No entangling alliances / nonalignment / non-alliance / warns against political parties Pinkney’s Treaty / right of deposit in New Orleans / free navigation of the Mississippi River John Adams (1797-1801) FEDERALIST XYZ Affair-leads us close to war with France (quasi-war) VA and KY ResolutionsNULLIFICATION The Alien and Sedition actsstipulating requirements for naturalized citizenship, demanded residence in the United States for period of fourteen years and a declaration of intention for five years. – granting President Adams the power to deport any alien he deemed potentially dangerous to the country's safety. – No malicious or false writings about government Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS Marbury v Madison – established judicial review (John Marshall) Louisiana Purchase- more than doubled the size of the United States; Lewis and Clark STRICT Construction Embargo Act of 1807- no trade Leopard v Chesapeake James Madison (1809-1817) D-R “Mr. Madison’s War”- the War of 1812; Treaty of Ghent Non-Intercourse Act (1809)- will trade with anyone but France/ Britain Macon’s Bill #2 – Whichever nation would respect American neutrality we would resume trade Hartford Convention- Federalists meet to discuss secession from the Union Northwest Indian War – Battle of Fallen Timbers – US Army routed the Indians forced the Treaty of Greenville (Indians gave the US government parts of OH, IL, IN, Tecumseh – never signed treaty fought with the British in War of 1812 with his brother “The Prophet” Hartford Convention – Death of Federalist Party James Monroe (1817-1825) D-R “Era of Good Feelings” – non partisan politics – strength of the federal gov’t over the states American System (John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay) – New national bank charter, high protective tariff, internal improvements (roads, bridges, etc.) Adams-Onis Treaty – Florida Gibbons v. Ogden – federal gov’t control over interstate commerce McCulloch v. Maryland – states can’t tax the federal gov’t – National Bank Monroe Doctrine – European powers stay out of the Western Hemisphere Missouri Compromise (Comp of 1820 / 36*30’ Compromise) – Missouri – Slave State / Maine – Free State – slavery not allowed N of 36*30’ line in LA Purchase John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) D-R Election of 1824 / Adams vs. Jackson – mudslinging / Jackson 44% of vote – no majority – Election went to House of Reps “Corrupt Bargain” – Adams name Speaker of House Henry Clay as his Sec. of State in exchange for Clay’s influence in House / Adams became President Erie Canal Tariff of Abominations (John Calhoun) – South Carolina Exposition and Protest; state’s rights and nullification Jacksonian Democracy (1829-1853) Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) DEMOCRAT Representative of “common man” Jacksonian Democracy – Spoils System / national nominating conventions Indian Removal Policy – Worcester v. Georgia – Supreme Court (Marshall) ruled in favor of the Indians Trail of Tears – Jackson refused to enforce the decision / sent Indian to OK Nullification Crisis with SC over tariff Force Acts – Jackson can use the military to stop nullification Compromise Tariff 1832– gradual reduction of tariff rates Opposed to the Bank of the U.S. Texas applies for statehood after defeating Mexico – denied because of issue of slavery Nat Turner slave rebellion Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) DEMOCRAT Panic of 1837 – Economic depression caused by Jackson’s bank policies Transcendentalism- movement for selfreliance / getting back to nature / nonviolence (Thoreau and Emerson) Dorothea Dix – prison reform for mentally handicapped Horace Mann – Mass. State School Superintendent – compulsory education laws “Hudson River School” – Art movement aimed at depicting American landscapes Communal living (protests) – Brook Farm, New Harmony, and Oneida William Henry Harrison (1841) WHIG 32 days in office “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!” Log Cabin Election – used Jacksonian tactic of appealing to the “common man” John Tyler (1841-1845) WHIG, sided Democrat Brought Texas into the U.S. with a joint resolution William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator – immediate abolition of slavery The Grimke sisters – Angelina and Sarah – abolitionists Frederick Douglass – The North Star James K. Polk (1845-1849) DEMOCRAT Manifest Destiny – American theory of God-given right to expand all the way to the Pacific Ocean “54* 40’ or Fight” – US was willing to go to war against Britain for the Oregon Territory Desired to annex California Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo - Got the US involved in the Mexican-American War / won / got California, TX, AZ, NM, NV, and parts of other states in the West Seneca Falls Convention – Women’s Rights – Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Zachary Taylor (1849-1850) WHIG Compromise of 1850 – strong Fugitive Slave Act / California admitted to the Union / DC banned the slave trade Wilmot Proviso – reopened the issue of slavery – called for all of the Mexican Cession to be free Millard Fillmore (1850-1853) WHIG Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe “The little bitty woman who started the great big war.” A. Lincoln Sectional Conflict (1853-1881) Franklin Pierce (1853-1857) DEMOCRAT Gadsden Purchase – completed mainland U.S. to complete a RR through Southern AZ and NM Matthew Perry to Japan Kansas-Nebraska Act/ “Bleeding Kansas” Know-Nothing Party Sumner-Brooks Incident James Buchanan (1857-1861) DEMOCRAT Dred Scott v Sandford Lecompton Constitution- tries to bring Kansas in as a slave state Lincoln-Douglas Debates Comstock Lode John Brown and Harper’s Ferry Crittendon Compromise- Missouri Compromise lines extended nationwide Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) REPUBLICAN Election causes secession of SC Preservation of the Union First shots at Ft. Sumter Morrill Land Grant – gave land to colleges Emancipation Proclamation – didn’t free any slaves (except in the Confederacy) 13th Amendment 10% Plan of Reconstruction – 10% of state’s voters to sign loyalty oath for readmission to Union – amnesty to former Confederates Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) REPUBLICAN Radical Republicans v Johnson (Thaddeus Stevens) Seward’s Folly – purchase of Alaska for $7 million Impeachment (Tenure of Office Act Violation) – tried to fire Sec. of War Edwin Stanton 14th Amendment Civil Rights Act of 1866- to counterattack the black codes that had been passed by Southern governments Homestead Act- gave 160 acres of western lands to anyone for a small filing fee and improvement to land Freedmen’s Bureau – established for blacks and refugees – greatest accomplishment was in education – no land was ever given to blacks Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877) REPUBLICAN Transcontinental Railroad completed (Promontory Point) 15th Amendment Credit Mobilier Scandal Panic of 1873 WCTU founded Whiskey Ring Scandal Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881) REPUBLICAN Compromise of 1877 – won election after election fraud is investigated – Union removes troops from South Great Railroad Strike Knights of Labor established (Terrence Powderly) – least discriminative labor union – difficult to organize / disbanded after Haymarket Square Riot Used court injunctions to stop strikes James A. Garfield (1881) REPUBLICAN Assassinated The Grange established by Oliver H. Kelley – foundation of Populism in America formed to combat against railroad monopolies and banks Robber barrons – Rockefeller (Oil), Carnegie (Steel), Morgan (Finance/ Steel), Vanderbilt (Railroads), Stanford (Railroads), Swift (Meatpacking) Gilded Age (1881-1897) Chester Arthur (1881-1885) REPUBLICAN Chinese Exclusion Act – until 1940’s Pendleton Act – required an exam to be taken in order to work for the federal government – abolishes the “spoils system” Grover Cleveland (1885-1889) DEMOCRAT Samuel Gompers-AFL – discriminative labor union fought for the 8 hour workday Created the ICC – Interstate Commerce Commission – 1st government agency to regulate business Dawes Act – federal government offers 160 acres of land to Indian heads of household in order to ASSIMILATE Indians into American culture Haymarket Square Riot – German anarchists striking for 8 hour workday killed Chicago policemen – death of Knights of Labor Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893) REPUBLICAN Lost popular vote, won election 1890-Sherman AntiTrust act Creates courts of appeal Thomas Nast – cartoons that lampooned William “Boss” Tweed Grover Cleveland (1893-1897) DEMOCRAT William Jennings Bryan- Cross of Gold Speech—gold and silver standard – Bland – Allison Act Pullman Strike (Eugene Debs) – leader of Socialism Plessy v. Ferguson – separate but equal facilities is legalized Booker T. Washington – believed in jobs for blacks for equality (Atlanta Compromise) W.E.B. DuBois – believed education and suffrage would achieve equality for blacks Progressive Era (1897-1921) William McKinley (1897-1901) REPUBLICAN Annexation of Hawaii Maine “yellow journalism” – William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer Jingoism – excitement about going to war with Spain Boxer Rebellion Teller Amendment – Cuba became a protectorate of the US Platt Amendment – gave US the right to intervene with military in Cuban affairs – gave the US naval base – Guantanamo Bay Spanish American War – Phillipines, Cuba, Guam Puerto Rico Open – Door Policy – open trade with China Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) REPUBLICAN One of the Rough Riders in Spanish-American War IMPERIALISM- Panama Canal, Great White Fleet – to establish more markets overseas Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine) Progressive- helped fix problems exposed by muckrakers and “trust bust” Ida Tarbell / Upton Sinclair / Lincoln Steffens / Jacob Riis – muckrakers Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire – safety code regulations Jane Addams and Hull House – social work (settlement house) Pancho Villa – raids into U.S. territories – never stopped William Howard Taft (1909-1913) REPUBLICAN “Dollar diplomacy” – aid to Latin American countries to protect our investments down there Trust buster- one of the presidents to take down big business Marcus Garvey – blacks should form a SEPARATE government in Africa – Liberia Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) DEMOCRAT Won because Taft and TR split Republican vote Kept American neutral in WWI until 1917 Lusitania and the Sussex; unrestricted sub warfare Fourteen Points/ League of Nations- plan for peace / Henry Cabot Lodge was opponent Treaty of Versailles- punished Germany and helped to lead to WWII; Congress rejects because of “entangling alliances” Schenk v. U.S. – “clear and present” danger / can’t undermine the US gov’t in time of war Depression and World Conflict (1921-1961) Warren G. Harding (1921-1923) REPUBLICAN “Return to Normalcy” Teapot Dome Scandal- leasing of government land illegally to the benefit of his friends; Albert Fall 1st Cabinet member to prison “Ohio Gang”-surrounded himself with his friends from home in Cabinet T.S. Eliot and Eugene O’Neill – “Lost Generation” writers – disillusioned by WWI Kellogg – Briand Pact – US, France then multilateral agreement AGAINST WAR The Jazz Singer first talking motion picture Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929) REPUBLICAN “Keep Cool with Coolidge” Wanted to reform the government, get rid of the spoils system John T. Scopes Trial – rural vs. urban values (teaching evolution in South) Sacco and Vanzetti Trial – NATIVISM / executed for murder Charles Lindbergh – flew across the Atlantic in “Spirit of St. Louis” Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) REPUBLICAN “Hoovervilles”- blamed for the Depression Speculation- main cause of depression Bonus Army- wanted $1,000 bonuses early, physically removed by military “laissez-faire” Black Tuesday10/29/1929 Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945) DEMOCRAT New Deal Programs- out of the Depression CCC, TVA, WPA, Social Security Neutrality Act of 1936 Pearl Harbor/ WWII Polio disease 4 term president Fireside chats First woman in cabinetFrances Perkins US joins the United Nations – 180 member peace keeping nations – Security Council is responsible for keeping the peace Harry S Truman (1945-1953) DEMOCRAT Made the decision to drop the atomic bomb Desegregation of the military CONTAINMENT/ Communismmust contain the spread Truman Doctrine—Korean War (1950-1953) Start of McCarthyism – “Red Scare” – Rosenberg Trial Potsdam Conference – divided Germany between Allies and Soviet Union / demilitarized Germany Bill Levitt / Levittown, NY / subdivision – GI Bill of Rights – low interest home mortgages and free college education for GI’s Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) REPUBLICAN First televised presidential ads “Ike For President” Domino Theory- if Vietnam falls to Communism, SE Asia will follow Federal Highway Actexpansion of the interstate system Eisenhower DoctrineBRINKSMANSHIP - "prepared to use armed force...[to counter] aggression from any country controlled by international communism." Farewell Address – warned the people of the military – industrial complex / not favorable to the public Cold War (1961-1989) John F. Kennedy (1961-1963) DEMOCRAT Cold War- had to deal with the Soviets with the Cuban Missile Crisis, Bay of Pigs, Race to Space, Nuclear Arms Race. Alliance for Progress – 20 billion dollar to Latin America Peace Corps National Television Debate vs. Nixon Women’s Liberation – Betty Friedan – The Feminine Mystiqueencouraged middle class women to seek professional careers N.O.W. – National Organization of Women – Gloria Steinem Birth Control Pill – introduced by Margaret Sanger in 1920’s Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) DEMOCRAT Lyndon Baines Johnson- Great Society- Medicare – elderly, Medicaid - poor, HUD-government housing projects based on income, Head Start- helping poor children in education, VISTA- helping the poor here at home. VIETNAM – ESCALATION – Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – gave LBJ power to use military without Congressional declaration of war Tet Offensive My Lai Massacre Civil Rights Act of 1964 – est. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Voting Rights Act of 1965 Richard Nixon (1969-1974) REPUBLICAN New Federalism- smaller government SALT I- limit nuclear arms with the Soviets Détente- relaxed relations with the Soviets China visit / Moscow visit Watergate- burglary to the Democratic headquarters / story broken by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein (Washington Post) CREEP – Committee to Re-Elect the President EPA- environment Vietnamization – making South Vietnam responsible for the war 26th Amendment – 18 year old vote Rachel Carson – Silent Spring – Congress bans DDT pesticide Roe v. Wade – legalized abortion Swann v. Meckenberg – legalized busing Gerald Ford (1974-1977) REPUBLICAN Pardoned Nixon Fight inflation – wanted to control widespread rise of prices in the economy Only President to never have been elected Jimmy Carter (1977-1981) DEMOCRAT Iran Hostages- 52 Americans held 444 days in Iran. Department of Energy established emission policies and inspections for auto vehicles Oil Embargo – prices of oil rose drastically under Carter. Dept of Education Camp David Peace Accords / Israel (Menachim Begin) and Egypt (Anwar Sadat) Malaise Speech – encouraged Americans to have faith and pull together Human rights – disagreed with Apartheid in South Africa Bakke v. California – quota systems are unconstitutional Three Mile Island - Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) REPUBLICAN Reaganomics- Trickle Down Theory- tax cuts for the wealthy result in more investments jobs for poor Star Wars- SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative) satellites to fire upon incoming enemy missiles Iran Contra Scandal- gave weapons to the rebels for the release of our hostages in Iran – 444 days. New Right Coalition / Moral Majority – against abortion, gay rights, women’s rights Texas v. Johnson – legalized flag burning Globalization (1989-present) George Bush (1989-1993) REPUBLICAN Persian Gulf War – 1990United States ousted Iraq out of Kuwait…defeated Saddam Hussein. Fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union. “Read my lips. No new taxes.” Dave Kovic (1993) Takes over when president suffers a stroke Lots of corruption, pushes for help for the homeless Bill Clinton (1993-2001) Supported NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement- open trade among Canada, U.S., and Mexico. Hillary Clinton’s led Health Care Plan fails. Bosnia- he bombed the Serbs in Bosnia because they were ethnically cleansing Muslims – Genocide. James Dale (1996) Wants to be friends with the aliens but is ultimately destroyed himself With the help of football legend Jim Brown, earth was saved Thomas Whitmore (1996) Intergalactic attack David Palmer (2000-2002) Terrorism marked his turbulent time as president Was nearly the victim of a deadly chemical attack himself 1st African American president George W. Bush (2001-2009) REPUBLICAN 2001- September 11TERRORISTS attack the World Trade Center which led to the war on terror. Invasion of Afghanistan – against terrorists organizations Iraqi War – Saddam Hussein No Child Left Behind- close the gap between rich and poor students performance and improve low performing schools. War on Terror – Patriot Act – gives the federal government power to invade personal privacy in case of terrorism – ACLU disagrees Mays Gilliam (2002) First black president of the United States Elected with very little political experience Barack Obama DEMOCRAT First African American to hold office. Wants to close Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp for terrorists. Reduce imported oil Universal Health Care supporter.