Download presidentsreview - Catawba County Schools

The Presidents
1st to Last!
Early Republic (1789-1829)
George Washington (1789-1797)







Federalist
Establishes a national bank:
takes on debts of the states
Whiskey Rebellion-shows
willingness to enforce the law
with force
Bill of Rights ratified
Jay’s Treaty–impressment
No entangling alliances / nonalignment / non-alliance /
warns against political parties
Pinkney’s Treaty / right of
deposit in New Orleans / free
navigation of the Mississippi
River
John Adams (1797-1801)




FEDERALIST
XYZ Affair-leads us close to war with
France (quasi-war)
VA and KY ResolutionsNULLIFICATION
The Alien and Sedition actsstipulating requirements for
naturalized citizenship, demanded
residence in the United States for
period of fourteen years and a
declaration of intention for five
years.
– granting President Adams the power
to deport any alien he deemed
potentially dangerous to the
country's safety.
– No malicious or false writings about
government
Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)






DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLICANS
Marbury v Madison –
established judicial review
(John Marshall)
Louisiana Purchase- more
than doubled the size of
the United States; Lewis
and Clark
STRICT Construction
Embargo Act of 1807- no
trade
Leopard v Chesapeake
James Madison (1809-1817)


D-R
“Mr. Madison’s War”- the War of 1812; Treaty
of Ghent

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)- will trade with
anyone but France/ Britain

Macon’s Bill #2 – Whichever nation would
respect American neutrality we would resume
trade

Hartford Convention- Federalists meet to
discuss secession from the Union

Northwest Indian War – Battle of Fallen Timbers
– US Army routed the Indians forced the Treaty
of Greenville (Indians gave the US government
parts of OH, IL, IN,

Tecumseh – never signed treaty fought with the
British in War of 1812 with his brother “The
Prophet”

Hartford Convention – Death of Federalist Party
James Monroe (1817-1825)








D-R
“Era of Good Feelings” – non partisan
politics – strength of the federal gov’t
over the states
American System (John C. Calhoun
and Henry Clay) – New national bank
charter, high protective tariff, internal
improvements (roads, bridges, etc.)
Adams-Onis Treaty – Florida
Gibbons v. Ogden – federal gov’t
control over interstate commerce
McCulloch v. Maryland – states can’t
tax the federal gov’t – National Bank
Monroe Doctrine – European powers
stay out of the Western Hemisphere
Missouri Compromise (Comp of 1820
/ 36*30’ Compromise) – Missouri –
Slave State / Maine – Free State –
slavery not allowed N of 36*30’ line
in LA Purchase
John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)





D-R
Election of 1824 / Adams vs.
Jackson – mudslinging / Jackson
44% of vote – no majority –
Election went to House of Reps
“Corrupt Bargain” – Adams name
Speaker of House Henry Clay as his
Sec. of State in exchange for Clay’s
influence in House / Adams became
President
Erie Canal
Tariff of Abominations (John
Calhoun)
– South Carolina Exposition and
Protest; state’s rights and
nullification
Jacksonian Democracy (1829-1853)
Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)











DEMOCRAT
Representative of “common man”
Jacksonian Democracy – Spoils System
/ national nominating conventions
Indian Removal Policy – Worcester v.
Georgia – Supreme Court (Marshall)
ruled in favor of the Indians
Trail of Tears – Jackson refused to
enforce the decision / sent Indian to OK
Nullification Crisis with SC over tariff
Force Acts – Jackson can use the
military to stop nullification
Compromise Tariff 1832– gradual
reduction of tariff rates
Opposed to the Bank of the U.S.
Texas applies for statehood after
defeating Mexico – denied because of
issue of slavery
Nat Turner slave rebellion
Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)







DEMOCRAT
Panic of 1837 – Economic depression
caused by Jackson’s bank policies
Transcendentalism- movement for selfreliance / getting back to nature / nonviolence (Thoreau and Emerson)
Dorothea Dix – prison reform for
mentally handicapped
Horace Mann – Mass. State School
Superintendent – compulsory education
laws
“Hudson River School” – Art movement
aimed at depicting American landscapes
Communal living (protests) – Brook
Farm, New Harmony, and Oneida
William Henry Harrison (1841)
WHIG
 32 days in office
 “Tippecanoe and
Tyler Too!”
 Log Cabin Election –
used Jacksonian tactic
of appealing to the
“common man”

John Tyler (1841-1845)
WHIG, sided Democrat
Brought Texas into the
U.S. with a joint
resolution
 William Lloyd Garrison –
The Liberator –
immediate abolition of
slavery
 The Grimke sisters –
Angelina and Sarah –
abolitionists
 Frederick Douglass – The


North Star
James K. Polk (1845-1849)






DEMOCRAT
Manifest Destiny – American theory of
God-given right to expand all the way to
the Pacific Ocean
“54* 40’ or Fight” – US was willing to go
to war against Britain for the Oregon
Territory
Desired to annex California
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo - Got the US
involved in the Mexican-American War /
won / got California, TX, AZ, NM, NV, and
parts of other states in the West
Seneca Falls Convention – Women’s Rights
– Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady
Stanton
Zachary Taylor (1849-1850)
WHIG
 Compromise of 1850 –
strong Fugitive Slave Act /
California admitted to the
Union / DC banned the
slave trade
 Wilmot Proviso –
reopened the issue of
slavery – called for all of
the Mexican Cession to be
free

Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)

WHIG

Uncle Tom’s Cabin by
Harriet Beecher
Stowe “The little bitty
woman who started
the great big war.” A.
Lincoln
Sectional Conflict (1853-1881)
Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)






DEMOCRAT
Gadsden Purchase –
completed mainland U.S.
to complete a RR through
Southern AZ and NM
Matthew Perry to Japan
Kansas-Nebraska Act/
“Bleeding Kansas”
Know-Nothing Party
Sumner-Brooks Incident
James Buchanan (1857-1861)

DEMOCRAT

Dred Scott v Sandford

Lecompton Constitution- tries to
bring Kansas in as a slave state
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Comstock Lode
John Brown and Harper’s Ferry
Crittendon Compromise- Missouri
Compromise lines extended
nationwide




Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)








REPUBLICAN
Election causes secession of SC
Preservation of the Union
First shots at Ft. Sumter
Morrill Land Grant – gave land to
colleges
Emancipation Proclamation – didn’t
free any slaves (except in the
Confederacy)
13th Amendment
10% Plan of Reconstruction – 10%
of state’s voters to sign loyalty oath
for readmission to Union – amnesty
to former Confederates
Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)








REPUBLICAN
Radical Republicans v Johnson
(Thaddeus Stevens)
Seward’s Folly – purchase of Alaska
for $7 million
Impeachment (Tenure of Office Act
Violation) – tried to fire Sec. of War
Edwin Stanton
14th Amendment
Civil Rights Act of 1866- to
counterattack the black codes that
had been passed by Southern
governments
Homestead Act- gave 160 acres of
western lands to anyone for a small
filing fee and improvement to land
Freedmen’s Bureau – established for
blacks and refugees – greatest
accomplishment was in education –
no land was ever given to blacks
Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877)







REPUBLICAN
Transcontinental Railroad
completed (Promontory
Point)
15th Amendment
Credit Mobilier Scandal
Panic of 1873
WCTU founded
Whiskey Ring Scandal
Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)
REPUBLICAN
 Compromise of 1877 – won
election after election fraud is
investigated – Union removes
troops from South
 Great Railroad Strike
 Knights of Labor established
(Terrence Powderly) – least
discriminative labor union –
difficult to organize / disbanded
after Haymarket Square Riot
 Used court injunctions to stop
strikes

James A. Garfield (1881)




REPUBLICAN
Assassinated
The Grange established by
Oliver H. Kelley – foundation of
Populism in America formed to
combat against railroad
monopolies and banks
Robber barrons – Rockefeller
(Oil), Carnegie (Steel), Morgan
(Finance/ Steel), Vanderbilt
(Railroads), Stanford
(Railroads), Swift
(Meatpacking)
Gilded Age (1881-1897)
Chester Arthur (1881-1885)
REPUBLICAN
 Chinese Exclusion Act –
until 1940’s
 Pendleton Act –
required an exam to be
taken in order to work
for the federal
government –
abolishes the “spoils
system”

Grover Cleveland (1885-1889)





DEMOCRAT
Samuel Gompers-AFL –
discriminative labor union
fought for the 8 hour workday
Created the ICC – Interstate
Commerce Commission – 1st
government agency to
regulate business
Dawes Act – federal
government offers 160 acres
of land to Indian heads of
household in order to
ASSIMILATE Indians into
American culture
Haymarket Square Riot –
German anarchists striking for
8 hour workday killed Chicago
policemen – death of Knights
of Labor
Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)





REPUBLICAN
Lost popular vote,
won election
1890-Sherman AntiTrust act
Creates courts of
appeal
Thomas Nast –
cartoons that
lampooned William
“Boss” Tweed
Grover Cleveland (1893-1897)







DEMOCRAT
William Jennings Bryan- Cross
of Gold Speech—gold and
silver standard –
Bland – Allison Act
Pullman Strike (Eugene Debs)
– leader of Socialism
Plessy v. Ferguson – separate
but equal facilities is legalized
Booker T. Washington –
believed in jobs for blacks for
equality (Atlanta Compromise)
W.E.B. DuBois – believed
education and suffrage would
achieve equality for blacks
Progressive Era (1897-1921)
William McKinley (1897-1901)









REPUBLICAN
Annexation of Hawaii
Maine
“yellow journalism” – William
Randolph Hearst and Joseph
Pulitzer
Jingoism – excitement about going
to war with Spain
Boxer Rebellion
Teller Amendment – Cuba became
a protectorate of the US Platt Amendment – gave US the
right to intervene with military in
Cuban affairs – gave the US naval
base – Guantanamo Bay
Spanish American War
– Phillipines, Cuba, Guam Puerto Rico

Open – Door Policy – open trade
with China
Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)









REPUBLICAN
One of the Rough Riders in
Spanish-American War
IMPERIALISM- Panama Canal,
Great White Fleet – to
establish more markets
overseas
Roosevelt Corollary (to the
Monroe Doctrine)
Progressive- helped fix
problems exposed by
muckrakers and “trust bust”
Ida Tarbell / Upton Sinclair /
Lincoln Steffens / Jacob Riis –
muckrakers
Triangle Shirtwaist Company
Fire – safety code regulations
Jane Addams and Hull House –
social work (settlement house)
Pancho Villa – raids into U.S.
territories – never stopped
William Howard Taft (1909-1913)
REPUBLICAN
 “Dollar diplomacy” – aid
to Latin American
countries to protect our
investments down there
 Trust buster- one of the
presidents to take down
big business
 Marcus Garvey – blacks
should form a SEPARATE
government in Africa –
Liberia

Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)







DEMOCRAT
Won because Taft and TR split
Republican vote
Kept American neutral in WWI
until 1917
Lusitania and the Sussex;
unrestricted sub warfare
Fourteen Points/ League of
Nations- plan for peace /
Henry Cabot Lodge was
opponent
Treaty of Versailles- punished
Germany and helped to lead to
WWII; Congress rejects
because of “entangling
alliances”
Schenk v. U.S. – “clear and
present” danger / can’t
undermine the US gov’t in time
of war
Depression and World Conflict
(1921-1961)
Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)







REPUBLICAN
“Return to Normalcy”
Teapot Dome Scandal- leasing
of government land illegally to
the benefit of his friends;
Albert Fall 1st Cabinet member
to prison
“Ohio Gang”-surrounded
himself with his friends from
home in Cabinet
T.S. Eliot and Eugene O’Neill –
“Lost Generation” writers –
disillusioned by WWI
Kellogg – Briand Pact – US,
France then multilateral
agreement AGAINST WAR
The Jazz Singer first talking
motion picture
Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)






REPUBLICAN
“Keep Cool with Coolidge”
Wanted to reform the
government, get rid of the
spoils system
John T. Scopes Trial – rural vs.
urban values (teaching
evolution in South)
Sacco and Vanzetti Trial –
NATIVISM / executed for
murder
Charles Lindbergh – flew
across the Atlantic in “Spirit of
St. Louis”
Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)
REPUBLICAN
 “Hoovervilles”- blamed
for the Depression
 Speculation- main cause
of depression
 Bonus Army- wanted
$1,000 bonuses early,
physically removed by
military
 “laissez-faire”
 Black Tuesday10/29/1929

Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945)










DEMOCRAT
New Deal Programs- out of the
Depression
CCC, TVA, WPA, Social
Security
Neutrality Act of 1936
Pearl Harbor/ WWII
Polio disease
4 term president
Fireside chats
First woman in cabinetFrances Perkins
US joins the United Nations –
180 member peace keeping
nations – Security Council is
responsible for keeping the
peace
Harry S Truman (1945-1953)









DEMOCRAT
Made the decision to drop the
atomic bomb
Desegregation of the military
CONTAINMENT/ Communismmust contain the spread
Truman Doctrine—Korean War
(1950-1953)
Start of McCarthyism – “Red
Scare” – Rosenberg Trial
Potsdam Conference – divided
Germany between Allies and
Soviet Union / demilitarized
Germany
Bill Levitt / Levittown, NY /
subdivision –
GI Bill of Rights – low interest
home mortgages and free
college education for GI’s
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)






REPUBLICAN
First televised presidential ads
“Ike For President”
Domino Theory- if Vietnam
falls to Communism, SE Asia
will follow
Federal Highway Actexpansion of the interstate
system
Eisenhower DoctrineBRINKSMANSHIP - "prepared
to use armed force...[to
counter] aggression from any
country controlled by
international communism."
Farewell Address – warned the
people of the military –
industrial complex / not
favorable to the public
Cold War (1961-1989)
John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)








DEMOCRAT
Cold War- had to deal with the
Soviets with the Cuban Missile
Crisis, Bay of Pigs, Race to Space,
Nuclear Arms Race.
Alliance for Progress – 20 billion
dollar to Latin America
Peace Corps
National Television Debate vs.
Nixon
Women’s Liberation – Betty
Friedan – The Feminine Mystiqueencouraged middle class women
to seek professional careers
N.O.W. – National Organization of
Women – Gloria Steinem
Birth Control Pill – introduced by
Margaret Sanger in 1920’s
Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)







DEMOCRAT
Lyndon Baines Johnson- Great
Society- Medicare – elderly,
Medicaid - poor, HUD-government
housing projects based on income,
Head Start- helping poor children
in education, VISTA- helping the
poor here at home.
VIETNAM – ESCALATION – Gulf of
Tonkin Resolution – gave LBJ
power to use military without
Congressional declaration of war
Tet Offensive
My Lai Massacre
Civil Rights Act of 1964 – est.
Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Richard Nixon (1969-1974)













REPUBLICAN
New Federalism- smaller government
SALT I- limit nuclear arms with the
Soviets
Détente- relaxed relations with the
Soviets
China visit / Moscow visit
Watergate- burglary to the Democratic
headquarters / story broken by Bob
Woodward and Carl Bernstein
(Washington Post)
CREEP – Committee to Re-Elect the
President
EPA- environment
Vietnamization – making South
Vietnam responsible for the war
26th Amendment – 18 year old vote
Rachel Carson – Silent Spring –
Congress bans DDT pesticide
Roe v. Wade – legalized abortion
Swann v. Meckenberg – legalized
busing
Gerald Ford (1974-1977)
REPUBLICAN
 Pardoned Nixon
 Fight inflation –
wanted to control
widespread rise of
prices in the economy
 Only President to
never have been
elected

Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)










DEMOCRAT
Iran Hostages- 52 Americans held
444 days in Iran.
Department of Energy established
emission policies and inspections
for auto vehicles
Oil Embargo – prices of oil rose
drastically under Carter.
Dept of Education
Camp David Peace Accords /
Israel (Menachim Begin) and
Egypt (Anwar Sadat)
Malaise Speech – encouraged
Americans to have faith and pull
together
Human rights – disagreed with
Apartheid in South Africa
Bakke v. California – quota
systems are unconstitutional
Three Mile Island -
Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)






REPUBLICAN
Reaganomics- Trickle Down
Theory- tax cuts for the
wealthy result in more
investments jobs for poor
Star Wars- SDI (Strategic
Defense Initiative) satellites to
fire upon incoming enemy
missiles
Iran Contra Scandal- gave
weapons to the rebels for the
release of our hostages in Iran
– 444 days.
New Right Coalition / Moral
Majority – against abortion,
gay rights, women’s rights
Texas v. Johnson – legalized
flag burning
Globalization (1989-present)
George Bush (1989-1993)




REPUBLICAN
Persian Gulf War – 1990United States ousted Iraq
out of Kuwait…defeated
Saddam Hussein.
Fall of the Berlin Wall and
the collapse of the Soviet
Union.
“Read my lips. No new
taxes.”
Dave Kovic (1993)
Takes over when
president suffers a
stroke
 Lots of corruption,
pushes for help for
the homeless

Bill Clinton (1993-2001)



Supported NAFTA- North
American Free Trade
Agreement- open trade
among Canada, U.S., and
Mexico.
Hillary Clinton’s led
Health Care Plan fails.
Bosnia- he bombed the
Serbs in Bosnia because
they were ethnically
cleansing Muslims –
Genocide.
James Dale (1996)
Wants to be friends
with the aliens but is
ultimately destroyed
himself
 With the help of football
legend Jim Brown,
earth was saved

Thomas Whitmore (1996)

Intergalactic attack
David Palmer (2000-2002)
Terrorism marked his
turbulent time as
president
 Was nearly the victim of
a deadly chemical attack
himself
 1st African American
president

George W. Bush (2001-2009)






REPUBLICAN
2001- September 11TERRORISTS attack the World
Trade Center which led to the
war on terror.
Invasion of Afghanistan –
against terrorists organizations
Iraqi War – Saddam Hussein
No Child Left Behind- close the
gap between rich and poor
students performance and
improve low performing
schools.
War on Terror – Patriot Act –
gives the federal government
power to invade personal
privacy in case of terrorism –
ACLU disagrees
Mays Gilliam (2002)

First black
president of the
United States

Elected with
very little
political
experience
Barack Obama





DEMOCRAT
First African American
to hold office.
Wants to close
Guantanamo Bay
Detention Camp for
terrorists.
Reduce imported oil
Universal Health Care
supporter.