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C HOLT The Road to the Civil War ALL TO Building Tensions REEDOM Beginnings to 1877 The Missouri Compromise (1820) Addressed two issues: the expansion of slavery the balance of free and slave states Conditions F Maine enters the Union as a free state Missouri enters the Union as a slave state Slavery will be prohibited in new states or territories north of 36°30’ latitude 1 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The Road to the Civil War Building Tensions HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Manifest Destiny and Expansion 1840s belief that Americans were destined expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean 2 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The Road to the Civil War Building Tensions HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Acquiring Oregon and Texas Texas Texas congress approved annexation and Texas became the 28th state in December 1845. Oregon Britain and the United States signed a treaty in 1846 dividing Oregon at the 49th parallel. 3 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The Road to the Civil War Building Tensions HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 The Mexican Cession This land included the present day states of California, Nevada, and Utah. It also included most of Arizona, New Mexico and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. Gadsden Purchase $10 million Included southern Arizona and New Mexico 4 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The Debate over Slavery CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 The New Territories and Slavery Expansion Additional territories renewed the debate over slavery expansion upset balance of free and slave states 5 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The Debate over Slavery HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 The New Territories and Slavery Expansion Wilmot Proviso (1846) – proposal to outlaw slavery in the territory added to the United States by the Mexican Cession Sectionalism – devotion to a region rather than the entire country 6 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The Debate Over Slavery CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 The Mexican War and Slavery Expansion began push for popular sovereignty popular sovereignty –allow voters in a particular territory to decide whether to ban or permit slavery 7 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The Debate Over Slavery CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Compromise of 1850 Proposed by Henry Clay; supported by Daniel Webster 8 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The Debate Over Slavery HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Compromise of 1850 Conditions of the Compromise of 1850 California joins the Union as a free state. New Mexico and Utah Territories will use popular sovereignty to decide the status of slavery. Stronger fugitive slave law passed. Slave trade ended in Washington, D.C. Border dispute between New Mexico and Texas is resolved. 9 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The Debate Over Slavery (continued) CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Compromise of 1850 Opposition to the Compromise of 1850 Allowing California to enter as a free state would destroy the balance between the two sections of the country. California would be admitted unconditionally. Support for the Compromise of 1850 Preserving the Union was more important than regional differences. Slave labor was not necessary to the West’s economy. 10 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT The Debate Over Slavery CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Controversy in the North over the Fugitive Slave Act lacked trial by jury bribes were given to government officials for support 11 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Trouble in Kansas Beginnings to 1877 Kansas-Nebraska Act Introduced by Stephen Douglas Conditions Kansas & Nebraska Territories are created 36° 30’ discontinued Kansas & Nebraska will use popular sovereignty to determine whether to be a free or a slave state protested in the North received strong support in the South 12 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT Trouble in Kansas CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Bleeding Kansas Territorial Elections 1000s of men crossed over from Missouri to vote Pro-slavery forces won & passed strict proslavery laws Anti-slavery Kansans formed their own government Pro-slavery forces attacked Lawrence, the antislavery capital 13 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Trouble in Kansas Beginnings to 1877 Bleeding Kansas Pottawatomie Massacre (1856) John Brown and seven other men murdered proslavery Kansans Kansas collapsed into civil war Approximately 200 people were killed 14 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON The Effects of the KansasNebraska Act HOLT CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Raid on Harpers Ferry Oct. 16, 1859 John Brown planned a raid on a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA Hoped to distribute weapons to slaves Slaves did not join revolt White Southerners attacked & killed some of the raiders John Brown captured & convicted of treason, murder, & conspiracy Hung Dec. 1859 15 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT Effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 . Political Divisions Know-Nothing Party formed in 1849 Supported measures making it difficult for foreigners to become citizens and hold office Republican Party formed in 1854 Whigs, some Democrats, Free-Soilers, and abolitionists who joined together to oppose the spread of slavery in the West 16 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT Political Divisions Dred Scott CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Dred Scott a slave who lived in free territory and then returned to slave territory. sued for his freedom claiming he had become free when he lived in free territory. In 1857 the Supreme Court declared: African Americans were not U.S. citizens. The Missouri Compromise’s restriction on slavery was unconstitutional. Congress did not have the right to ban slavery in any federal territory. 17 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT Political Divisions CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Abraham Lincoln’s and Stephen Douglas’ Differing Views on Slavery Abraham Lincoln opposed slavery and supported the equal rights for slaves. Stephen Douglas supported slavery and did not feel the African Americans were equal. 18 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT Secession CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Reactions to John Brown’s Raid Some mourned his death and regarded him as a hero. Others opposed his violence. Southerners felt threatened. It raised the secession issue in the South. 19 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT Secession CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Factors Leading to Lincoln’s Victory in the Presidential Election of 1860 Lincoln won 180 of the 183 electoral votes in the free states. The slave states split their electoral votes thus giving Lincoln the victory. 20 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON HOLT Secession CALL TO FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Reasons the Southern States Left the Union believed Lincoln would abolish slavery feared this action would destroy the South’s economy and society South Carolina seceded Dec. 1860 Feb. 1861 Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, & Texas seceded Confederate States of America elected Jefferson Davis as president 21 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON