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Transcript
Chapter 14
THE CIVIL WAR
NORTHERN PRIDE OVER FREE LABOR
Northerners see the North as a place of opportunity
and social mobility
 Wage earner can become a boss one day
 Ideologically powerful; but not completely true
 North is just as hierarchical as south in many
ways

 BUT
NORTH SEES ITS ECONOMY AND
CULTURE AS BEING SUPERIOR
SOUTHERN PRIDE OVER SLAVERY

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Free society sickens Southerners
 North only concerned with money-making
South argues that Northern capitalism celebrated and
unleashed self-interest; but it broke down social bonds and
concern for the poor
 “World is too little governed”
Northern profits go to the rich; working class is barely
surviving on $1 a day
Aristocratic argument: Northerners are “Slaves without a
master”
SOUTH SEES ITS ECONOMY AND CULTURE AS BEING
SUPERIOR
Southern Pro-Slavery
Propaganda
THE HISTORY OF THEHISTORY
OF THE CIVILWAR




Understanding of Civil War is ambiguous -- blinded by
culture
1930s textbooks: slavery was only mentioned in one
paragraph -- wasn’t seen as the cause of the war…
Civil War DID NOT solve the “race problem”
 1925 was when American racism was at its highest
History is not progressive!!!
The Antebellum South
“Cotton Is King!”
* 1860--> 5 million bales a year
(57% of total US exports)
Changes in Cotton Production
1820
1860
Slave-Owning Families (1850)
DEFINING WHAT AN ABOLITIONIST IS, AND HOW
MANY NORTHERNERS WERE ABOLITIONISTS…
Belief in the full racial equality of blacks
 See blacks as human, not property
 Desire to live in a bi-racial society

 Unlike

American Colonization Society (ACS)
Abolitionists were ALWAYS a minority (maybe 1
in 10)
LINCOLN’S THOUGHTS ON RACE & SLAVERY

“I protest that logic which concludes
that because I do not want a black
woman for a slave, I must want her for a
wife. I need not have her for either, I
can just leave her alone. In some
respects she is certainly not my equal;
but in her natural right to eat the bread
she earns with her own hands..she is
my equal, and the equal of all others…”
LINCOLN’S STANCE ON SLAVERY

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

Early on, he supported compensated gradual emancipation &
colonization
Admitted that slaves were property & that whites/blacks couldn’t
live together – quasi-Jeffersonian
Believed that slavery was evil & wrong, but thought like Founding
Fathers -- “it will eventually die out one way or another”
He thought that abolitionists were counter-productive
 Abolitionists’ condemnations and activities resulted in mob
violence, riots against them
Believed slavery was protected by constitution – federal government
had no right to mess with it
•U.S. Senator from the state of Illinois
•Solve the slavery issue was through Popular
Sovereignty
•Let the people in each territory decide
through the process of voting whether they
want slavery or not.
•Along with Henry Clay, Daniel Webster and
John C. Calhoun they proposed the
Compromise of 1850
•California entered union as a free state
•Fugitive Slave Law will be enforced stronger
•Popular Sovereignty will be way of doing things
•Slave trade is stopped in Washington, D.C.
Popular Sovereignty Allow
the people in a territory to
vote on whether they want
slavery to exist or not in
their state.
MAP COMP OF 1850
FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW (1850)

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Free blacks in North were being taken South and made slaves
Northern states pass “personal liberty laws” to prevent this
Southern slaves were being transported via the Underground
Railroad and given freedom in the North
Southern states want stronger fugitive slave law
Fugitive Slave Law (1850): strengthens South
Judge who rules on these cases:
 $10 is given to him if he returns “slave”
 $5 is given to Judge if he releases “slave”
90% of cases return slaves to the South
ABOLITIONISTS RESPOND
Denounced by
Abolitionists
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s,
Uncle Tom’s Cabin is
published
Abolitionists refuse to
enforce the law
Underground Railroad
becomes more active
RESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTS
FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW
“3 millions of the American people are crushed under
the American Union! The government gives them no
protection– the government is their enemy, the
government keeps them in chains! The Union which
grinds them to the dust rests upon us, and with them
we will struggle to overthrow it! The Constitution
which subjects them to hopeless bondage is one that
we cannot swear to support. Our motto is, ‘No Union
with Slaveholders’….We separate from them, to clear
our skirts of innocent blood….and to hasten the
downfall of slavery in America, and throughout the
world!” William Lloyd Garrison
SOUTHERNERS RESPOND
Southerners threatened secession and war
Believed it should be enforced because the Constitution
protects property and federal law overrides state law
5th Amendment
Supremacy Clause
•Build a transcontinental connecting
California to the East Coast either in
the South or North
•Proposed a plan that Kansas and
Nebraska territories be opened up to
slavery in return for building the
railroad in the North
•Stephen Douglas wanted the
railroad built in the North but had
to convince the South otherwise –
concerns over power in Congress
because it is above 36’30!!!
•In order to placate Southerners,
Douglas pushes for repeal of
Missouri Compromise and replaces
it with “popular sovereignty”
•Irony: Douglas thought this
solution would put the slavery
question to rest; it only exacerbates
it!!!
KAN. & NEB ACT
MAP BLEEDING KAN
•Kansas/Nebraska Act
led to several acts of
violence between proslavery settlers and
anti-slavery settlers
•First violent outbreaks
between north/south
(Led by John Brown)
Attacks by free-states
Attacks by pro-slavery states
•First battles of the
Civil War begin in
Kansas in 1856
•Over 200 killed
After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, the Kansas territory became a
battleground. Pro-slavery and antislavery supporters rushed to settle in Kansas. The
territory was torn by battles and massacres. The issue also bitterly divided the nation
and led to the formation of the Republican Party. The first shots of the Civil War were in
Bleeding Kansas.
BLEEDING KAN
FORMATION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY


Whig Party begins to split up due to the controversy
surrounding slavery
Know-Nothing Party looked like it was going to take
dominant position of Whigs



Opposed to influx of Irish, German immigrants in cities
(nativist, racist platform)
Republican Party’s Platform: Keep slavery out of the
West
Both moral, economic reasons
Free Soil Party
against the
expansion of
slavery
Democrats
opposed the
expansion of
slavery
Formed to stop
the expansion of
slavery
REPUBLICAN PARTY
National Republican
which become the Whigs.
Abolitionists
Know Nothing Party
against immigration
•Violent abolitionist
•Involved in the Bleeding Kansas
•Murdered 5 pro-slavery men in
Kansas
•Wanted to lead a slave revolt
throughout the South by raising an
army of freed slaves and destroying
the South
•Attacked a U.S. Ammunition depot
in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in
October 1859 to capture weapons
and begin his slave revolt
•Unsuccessful and captured by USMC under the leadership of
Robert E. Lee
•Put on trial for treason
•He was found guilty of treason and
sentenced to death
•Last words: “I believe that the issue of
slavery will never be solved unless
through the shedding of blood”
•Northerners are by no means united,
fully supportive of this action
•Thoreau, Emerson: “Brown is an
instrument of God”
•Southerners become apprehensive of
northerners in general, and Republicans
in particular
•South’s outcome: To leave the U.S. and
start their own country
JOHN BROWN HANGING
THE CANING OF CHARLES SUMNER


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

Charles Sumner insulted one of Preston Brook’s relatives in
Congress
Southern code of honor requires Brooks to defend his uncle’s
honor
Preston Brooks storms into Sumner’s office and beats him with
his cane
 1st Amendment comes second to honor
Southern newspapers celebrate this action; Brooks gets reelected
Northern newspapers condemn this and say that South will do
this to the North
 “They will whip us to accept slavery”
This incident moves Northerners in more radical direction
 Northern version of John Brown’s raid
Places slavery as a central issue; strengthens Republican Party
•Lincoln and Douglas both running for the U.S. Senate
in Illinois.
•The debates were followed by the country because
both candidates were interested in running for the
Presidency in 1860.
•Slavery was the issue
•Lincoln stated: A House Divided against itself cannot
stand. Either we become one or the other.
•was against the expansion of slavery
•Douglas believed that slavery should be decided by
the people.
•Popular sovereignty
CHART/L&D DEBATES
Lincoln got Douglas to admit that Popular Sovereignty
could go against the expansion of slavery!!!!
Southerners will not support Douglas for the
presidency in 1860
•Slave from Missouri traveled with his
owner to Illinois & Minnesota; both were
free states.
•His master died and Scott wanted to
move back to Missouri---Missouri still
recognized him as a slave.
•He sued his master’s widow for his
freedom since he had lived in a free state
for a period of time.
•Court case went to the Supreme Court
for a decision
•If a slave is taken to a free state, is he free?
•Can a slave sue for his freedom?
•Is a slave property?
•Is slavery legal?
PICTURE/DRED SCOTT
•Supreme Court hands
down the Dred Scott
decision
•North refused to enforce
Fugitive Slave Law
•Free states pass
personal liberty laws.
•Republicans will say the
decision is not binding
•Southerners will call on
the North to accept the
decision if the South is to
remain in the Union
CHART/EFFECT OF SCOTT
•Slaves cannot sue the U.S. for their
freedom because they are property
•They are not citizens and have no
legal rights under the Constitution
•Supreme Court legalized slavery by
saying that Congress could not stop a
slave-owner from moving his slaves
to a new territory
•Calhoun’s 5th Am. position wins
•Missouri Compromise and all other
compromises
(popular
sovereignty) were unconstitutional
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney’s
reference to the status of
slaves when the Constitution
was adopted:
“They (slaves) had for more than a century before
been regarded as beings of an inferior order; and
altogether unfit to associate with the white race,
either in social or political relations; and so far
inferior that they had no rights which the white
man was bound to respect. This opinion was at
that time fixed and universal in the civilized
portion of the white race”
READING/SCOTT DECISION
LINCOLN’S RESPONSE TO
DRED SCOTT DECISION (1857)
Slavery cannot be restricted in the territories
 Republican Party’s platform suddenly becomes
unconstitutional (this worries Lincoln)
 Lincoln’s response: “Why can’t Dred Scott decision
apply to free states as well as territories?”

FREEPORT DOCTRINE & THE DEMISE OF
STEPHEN DOUGLAS
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To win over northern voters, Douglas assuaged northern fears over Freeport
Doctrine -- which took Dred Scott decision one step further
Freeport Doctrine: If slave-owners’ slaves are now protected by law anywhere -thanks to Dred Scott decision -- why would slave-owners take slaves to
territories that don’t have positive slave codes to fully protect this property?
Answer: Positive slave codes should exist!!!
Douglas’s answer: Yes, but slave codes (fugitive slave laws etc) will only exist if
they are passed by popular vote/will of the people
 Douglas (as a moderate) is standing on state’s rights
South objects & demands Congressional power to pass slave codes for all
territories!!!
Once again, the South is appealing to federal power, not state’s rights!!!!
Lincoln backs Douglas into this corner
 Douglas loses southern support when he take this position
This issue divides Democratic Party and allows Republicans to win the election!!!
LINCOLN’S THOUGHTS ON SECTIONALISM


Personal letter to Horace Greely: (1862)
“My paramount object in this struggle is to save the
Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery. If
I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I
would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the
slaves, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing
some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.
What I do about slavery and the colored race, I do
because I believe it helps save this Union and what I
forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would
help save the Union. . . .I intend no modification of
my oft-expressed personal wish that all men
everywhere be free."
IMPORTANCE OF THE BORDER STATES
THE ELECTION OF 1860
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4 candidates are running for office
John Breckenridge runs for the South
 Takes Calhoun’s position – stands on 5th amendment
 Carries most of the deep south
John Bell also runs for the South
Stephen Douglas: moderate Democrat
 Stands on popular sovereignty
Abraham Lincoln (Republican): stands on right of federal government to restrict the
spread of slavery into the West
Supported constitutional measure that would prevent slavery from being abolished by
Congress
Lincoln carried most of the Northern states
Lincoln only wins 40% of popular vote!!!
If Democrats didn’t split, they would have easily won the election
Irony: The very institution (i.e. the Democratic Party) that was protecting their interests
was the very thing that they split up!!!
 Shot themselves in the foot…
RESULTS OF ELECTION OF 1860
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South Carolina immediately secedes from the Union
 Vote: 169 to 0
 Southern states follow suit
Southerners fear patronage of Republican Party
Lincoln says he will appoint unionists; won’t discriminate based on
slaveholder or non-slaveholder status
Creates possibility of creation of a southern Republican Party…(20% of
south were not secessionists)
Lincoln and Republican Party’s influence will change racial unity,
harmony that exists in South
 South is seceding from this political threat!!
Country is polarized
(divided) over the issue
of slavery
•303 total electoral
votes and 152 to
win
Once Lincoln is elected
as president, South
Carolina secedes from
the U.S. along with
several other Southern
States
They will form the
Confederate States of
America -- CSA
ELECTION OF 1860
CRITTENDEN PLAN

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
Proposal by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden to
resolve the US secession crisis
Congressional plan to reenact Missouri Compromise
line (36’30)
It would go against Calhoun’s position and Republican
party’s platform
Lincoln immediately opposes Crittenden Plan because it
would allow slavery to continue to expand
A war to preserve
the Union fails…
CREATING A SOUTHERN GOVERNMENT
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Create a Constitution that mirrors US Constitution
 Leaves out “General Welfare” clause
Why?
Each state will act in its own interests
 John C. Calhoun doctrine
Irony: War will force southern government to become centralized to
try to win the war
Leave out word “slavery” and slave trade in Constitution
Why?
Need for recognition from other countries (i.e. foreign support); no
other country has slavery/slave trade
Constitution forbade tariffs etc
OUR FAVORITE AMERICAN

Things to know about
John C. Calhoun




Sexiest American EVER!!!!!
Created the Billy Goat
Beard
Perfected “Crazy Eyes”
Is somehow related to
Max Northcote