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Chapter 14 THE CIVIL WAR NORTHERN PRIDE OVER FREE LABOR Northerners see the North as a place of opportunity and social mobility Wage earner can become a boss one day Ideologically powerful; but not completely true North is just as hierarchical as south in many ways BUT NORTH SEES ITS ECONOMY AND CULTURE AS BEING SUPERIOR SOUTHERN PRIDE OVER SLAVERY Free society sickens Southerners North only concerned with money-making South argues that Northern capitalism celebrated and unleashed self-interest; but it broke down social bonds and concern for the poor “World is too little governed” Northern profits go to the rich; working class is barely surviving on $1 a day Aristocratic argument: Northerners are “Slaves without a master” SOUTH SEES ITS ECONOMY AND CULTURE AS BEING SUPERIOR Southern Pro-Slavery Propaganda THE HISTORY OF THEHISTORY OF THE CIVILWAR Understanding of Civil War is ambiguous -- blinded by culture 1930s textbooks: slavery was only mentioned in one paragraph -- wasn’t seen as the cause of the war… Civil War DID NOT solve the “race problem” 1925 was when American racism was at its highest History is not progressive!!! The Antebellum South “Cotton Is King!” * 1860--> 5 million bales a year (57% of total US exports) Changes in Cotton Production 1820 1860 Slave-Owning Families (1850) DEFINING WHAT AN ABOLITIONIST IS, AND HOW MANY NORTHERNERS WERE ABOLITIONISTS… Belief in the full racial equality of blacks See blacks as human, not property Desire to live in a bi-racial society Unlike American Colonization Society (ACS) Abolitionists were ALWAYS a minority (maybe 1 in 10) LINCOLN’S THOUGHTS ON RACE & SLAVERY “I protest that logic which concludes that because I do not want a black woman for a slave, I must want her for a wife. I need not have her for either, I can just leave her alone. In some respects she is certainly not my equal; but in her natural right to eat the bread she earns with her own hands..she is my equal, and the equal of all others…” LINCOLN’S STANCE ON SLAVERY Early on, he supported compensated gradual emancipation & colonization Admitted that slaves were property & that whites/blacks couldn’t live together – quasi-Jeffersonian Believed that slavery was evil & wrong, but thought like Founding Fathers -- “it will eventually die out one way or another” He thought that abolitionists were counter-productive Abolitionists’ condemnations and activities resulted in mob violence, riots against them Believed slavery was protected by constitution – federal government had no right to mess with it •U.S. Senator from the state of Illinois •Solve the slavery issue was through Popular Sovereignty •Let the people in each territory decide through the process of voting whether they want slavery or not. •Along with Henry Clay, Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun they proposed the Compromise of 1850 •California entered union as a free state •Fugitive Slave Law will be enforced stronger •Popular Sovereignty will be way of doing things •Slave trade is stopped in Washington, D.C. Popular Sovereignty Allow the people in a territory to vote on whether they want slavery to exist or not in their state. MAP COMP OF 1850 FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW (1850) Free blacks in North were being taken South and made slaves Northern states pass “personal liberty laws” to prevent this Southern slaves were being transported via the Underground Railroad and given freedom in the North Southern states want stronger fugitive slave law Fugitive Slave Law (1850): strengthens South Judge who rules on these cases: $10 is given to him if he returns “slave” $5 is given to Judge if he releases “slave” 90% of cases return slaves to the South ABOLITIONISTS RESPOND Denounced by Abolitionists Harriet Beecher Stowe’s, Uncle Tom’s Cabin is published Abolitionists refuse to enforce the law Underground Railroad becomes more active RESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTS FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW “3 millions of the American people are crushed under the American Union! The government gives them no protection– the government is their enemy, the government keeps them in chains! The Union which grinds them to the dust rests upon us, and with them we will struggle to overthrow it! The Constitution which subjects them to hopeless bondage is one that we cannot swear to support. Our motto is, ‘No Union with Slaveholders’….We separate from them, to clear our skirts of innocent blood….and to hasten the downfall of slavery in America, and throughout the world!” William Lloyd Garrison SOUTHERNERS RESPOND Southerners threatened secession and war Believed it should be enforced because the Constitution protects property and federal law overrides state law 5th Amendment Supremacy Clause •Build a transcontinental connecting California to the East Coast either in the South or North •Proposed a plan that Kansas and Nebraska territories be opened up to slavery in return for building the railroad in the North •Stephen Douglas wanted the railroad built in the North but had to convince the South otherwise – concerns over power in Congress because it is above 36’30!!! •In order to placate Southerners, Douglas pushes for repeal of Missouri Compromise and replaces it with “popular sovereignty” •Irony: Douglas thought this solution would put the slavery question to rest; it only exacerbates it!!! KAN. & NEB ACT MAP BLEEDING KAN •Kansas/Nebraska Act led to several acts of violence between proslavery settlers and anti-slavery settlers •First violent outbreaks between north/south (Led by John Brown) Attacks by free-states Attacks by pro-slavery states •First battles of the Civil War begin in Kansas in 1856 •Over 200 killed After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, the Kansas territory became a battleground. Pro-slavery and antislavery supporters rushed to settle in Kansas. The territory was torn by battles and massacres. The issue also bitterly divided the nation and led to the formation of the Republican Party. The first shots of the Civil War were in Bleeding Kansas. BLEEDING KAN FORMATION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY Whig Party begins to split up due to the controversy surrounding slavery Know-Nothing Party looked like it was going to take dominant position of Whigs Opposed to influx of Irish, German immigrants in cities (nativist, racist platform) Republican Party’s Platform: Keep slavery out of the West Both moral, economic reasons Free Soil Party against the expansion of slavery Democrats opposed the expansion of slavery Formed to stop the expansion of slavery REPUBLICAN PARTY National Republican which become the Whigs. Abolitionists Know Nothing Party against immigration •Violent abolitionist •Involved in the Bleeding Kansas •Murdered 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas •Wanted to lead a slave revolt throughout the South by raising an army of freed slaves and destroying the South •Attacked a U.S. Ammunition depot in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in October 1859 to capture weapons and begin his slave revolt •Unsuccessful and captured by USMC under the leadership of Robert E. Lee •Put on trial for treason •He was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death •Last words: “I believe that the issue of slavery will never be solved unless through the shedding of blood” •Northerners are by no means united, fully supportive of this action •Thoreau, Emerson: “Brown is an instrument of God” •Southerners become apprehensive of northerners in general, and Republicans in particular •South’s outcome: To leave the U.S. and start their own country JOHN BROWN HANGING THE CANING OF CHARLES SUMNER Charles Sumner insulted one of Preston Brook’s relatives in Congress Southern code of honor requires Brooks to defend his uncle’s honor Preston Brooks storms into Sumner’s office and beats him with his cane 1st Amendment comes second to honor Southern newspapers celebrate this action; Brooks gets reelected Northern newspapers condemn this and say that South will do this to the North “They will whip us to accept slavery” This incident moves Northerners in more radical direction Northern version of John Brown’s raid Places slavery as a central issue; strengthens Republican Party •Lincoln and Douglas both running for the U.S. Senate in Illinois. •The debates were followed by the country because both candidates were interested in running for the Presidency in 1860. •Slavery was the issue •Lincoln stated: A House Divided against itself cannot stand. Either we become one or the other. •was against the expansion of slavery •Douglas believed that slavery should be decided by the people. •Popular sovereignty CHART/L&D DEBATES Lincoln got Douglas to admit that Popular Sovereignty could go against the expansion of slavery!!!! Southerners will not support Douglas for the presidency in 1860 •Slave from Missouri traveled with his owner to Illinois & Minnesota; both were free states. •His master died and Scott wanted to move back to Missouri---Missouri still recognized him as a slave. •He sued his master’s widow for his freedom since he had lived in a free state for a period of time. •Court case went to the Supreme Court for a decision •If a slave is taken to a free state, is he free? •Can a slave sue for his freedom? •Is a slave property? •Is slavery legal? PICTURE/DRED SCOTT •Supreme Court hands down the Dred Scott decision •North refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law •Free states pass personal liberty laws. •Republicans will say the decision is not binding •Southerners will call on the North to accept the decision if the South is to remain in the Union CHART/EFFECT OF SCOTT •Slaves cannot sue the U.S. for their freedom because they are property •They are not citizens and have no legal rights under the Constitution •Supreme Court legalized slavery by saying that Congress could not stop a slave-owner from moving his slaves to a new territory •Calhoun’s 5th Am. position wins •Missouri Compromise and all other compromises (popular sovereignty) were unconstitutional Chief Justice Roger B. Taney’s reference to the status of slaves when the Constitution was adopted: “They (slaves) had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order; and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations; and so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect. This opinion was at that time fixed and universal in the civilized portion of the white race” READING/SCOTT DECISION LINCOLN’S RESPONSE TO DRED SCOTT DECISION (1857) Slavery cannot be restricted in the territories Republican Party’s platform suddenly becomes unconstitutional (this worries Lincoln) Lincoln’s response: “Why can’t Dred Scott decision apply to free states as well as territories?” FREEPORT DOCTRINE & THE DEMISE OF STEPHEN DOUGLAS To win over northern voters, Douglas assuaged northern fears over Freeport Doctrine -- which took Dred Scott decision one step further Freeport Doctrine: If slave-owners’ slaves are now protected by law anywhere -thanks to Dred Scott decision -- why would slave-owners take slaves to territories that don’t have positive slave codes to fully protect this property? Answer: Positive slave codes should exist!!! Douglas’s answer: Yes, but slave codes (fugitive slave laws etc) will only exist if they are passed by popular vote/will of the people Douglas (as a moderate) is standing on state’s rights South objects & demands Congressional power to pass slave codes for all territories!!! Once again, the South is appealing to federal power, not state’s rights!!!! Lincoln backs Douglas into this corner Douglas loses southern support when he take this position This issue divides Democratic Party and allows Republicans to win the election!!! LINCOLN’S THOUGHTS ON SECTIONALISM Personal letter to Horace Greely: (1862) “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that. What I do about slavery and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps save this Union and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help save the Union. . . .I intend no modification of my oft-expressed personal wish that all men everywhere be free." IMPORTANCE OF THE BORDER STATES THE ELECTION OF 1860 4 candidates are running for office John Breckenridge runs for the South Takes Calhoun’s position – stands on 5th amendment Carries most of the deep south John Bell also runs for the South Stephen Douglas: moderate Democrat Stands on popular sovereignty Abraham Lincoln (Republican): stands on right of federal government to restrict the spread of slavery into the West Supported constitutional measure that would prevent slavery from being abolished by Congress Lincoln carried most of the Northern states Lincoln only wins 40% of popular vote!!! If Democrats didn’t split, they would have easily won the election Irony: The very institution (i.e. the Democratic Party) that was protecting their interests was the very thing that they split up!!! Shot themselves in the foot… RESULTS OF ELECTION OF 1860 South Carolina immediately secedes from the Union Vote: 169 to 0 Southern states follow suit Southerners fear patronage of Republican Party Lincoln says he will appoint unionists; won’t discriminate based on slaveholder or non-slaveholder status Creates possibility of creation of a southern Republican Party…(20% of south were not secessionists) Lincoln and Republican Party’s influence will change racial unity, harmony that exists in South South is seceding from this political threat!! Country is polarized (divided) over the issue of slavery •303 total electoral votes and 152 to win Once Lincoln is elected as president, South Carolina secedes from the U.S. along with several other Southern States They will form the Confederate States of America -- CSA ELECTION OF 1860 CRITTENDEN PLAN Proposal by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden to resolve the US secession crisis Congressional plan to reenact Missouri Compromise line (36’30) It would go against Calhoun’s position and Republican party’s platform Lincoln immediately opposes Crittenden Plan because it would allow slavery to continue to expand A war to preserve the Union fails… CREATING A SOUTHERN GOVERNMENT Create a Constitution that mirrors US Constitution Leaves out “General Welfare” clause Why? Each state will act in its own interests John C. Calhoun doctrine Irony: War will force southern government to become centralized to try to win the war Leave out word “slavery” and slave trade in Constitution Why? Need for recognition from other countries (i.e. foreign support); no other country has slavery/slave trade Constitution forbade tariffs etc OUR FAVORITE AMERICAN Things to know about John C. Calhoun Sexiest American EVER!!!!! Created the Billy Goat Beard Perfected “Crazy Eyes” Is somehow related to Max Northcote