* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download American History Concepts
Alabama in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Georgia in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution wikipedia , lookup
Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps wikipedia , lookup
Hampton Roads Conference wikipedia , lookup
South Carolina in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Union (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Mississippi in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution wikipedia , lookup
United States presidential election, 1860 wikipedia , lookup
Origins of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom and the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
U.S. History CST Review Stuff You Should Remember from 8th grade History Pre-Revolutionary America: 1600s-1780 Major events that led to constitutional democracy The Columbian Exchange 1. The Columbian Exchange a. Transfer of organisms (living things) -between the Old World & the New World The Columbian Exchange From the New World to the Old World: Corn, tomatoes, chocolate From the Old World to the New World: Wheat, rice, sugarcane Triangular Trade 1. Trans-Atlantic flow of goods a. Trade between England, Africa, and the New World (colonies) Triangular Trade b. Americans become dependent on British made goods -Manufactured goods exchanged for slaves -Slaves exchanged for rum and guns The Great Awakening 1. Religious Movement in the Colonies a. Cause: -Jonathan Edwards preached need for revival of religious beliefs The Great Awakening b. Effects: -belief that all people are equal before God -Led to the belief in freedom of individual choice -encouraged religious enthusiasm and political independence The Mayflower Compact 1. Signed in 1620 a. Contract signed on the Mayflower - rules b. First example of selfgovernment by colonists Declaration of Independence 1. Goals: a. to explain why the colonies chose to be free from England b. Promotes the idea that government should guarantee the rights of its citizens Declaration of Independence c. Lists grievances (complaints) directed against the British King d. Written by Thomas Jefferson After the Revolution 1. Most Northern state constitutions called for a. The gradual elimination of slavery The Whiskey Rebellion 1. Demonstrated (showed) -the authority (power) of the federal government Shay’s Rebellion 1. Demonstrated -weakness of the state governments 2. Resulted in support for -revising the Articles of Confederation The U.S. Constitution: 1780-1790 -How is power shared between citizens, states and the federal government? The Constitutional Convention 1. 1st time people met to write the rules for a government 2. Many compromises were made between the states Constitutional Convention 3. Attended by Delegates=Representatives for their state a. most supported representative government 4. The Framers= writers of the Constitution Constitutional Convention 5. Framers agreed that: a. representatives would be elected by citizens b. Political authority would still originate from the people The Three-fifths Compromise 1. The Issue: Would slaves have been counted as part of the population? 2. Compromise: Only 3/5 slaves were counted for purposes of representation and taxation The Great Compromise 1. Allowed equal representation in the Senate -allowed 2 senators per state -benefits states with small populations The Great Compromise 2. Allowed representation according to population in House of Representatives -states with larger population gain more representation -benefits states with large populations The Legislative Branch 1. Two Houses a. Senate b. House of Representatives 2. Based on English Parliament a. House of Lords/Commons Separation of Powers 1. 3 branches a. All deal with laws - Legislative (makes them) ex. Congress -Executive (enforces them) ex. The President -Judicial (interprets them) ex. The Supreme Court Checks and Balances 1. Keeps the branches in check a. President can veto a bill passed by Congress b. Congress can impeach the President c. The Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional Checks and Balances 2. Limits the power of any one branch of government The Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights 1. The first 10 amendments to the Constitution 2. Protects fundamental (basic) liberties of American citizens The Bill of Rights 1. The 1st amendment guarantees -freedom of speech -freedom of the press -freedom to petition the government -freedom of religion -freedom of assembly Bill of Rights 2. Other Rights and Protections a. Right to a trial by jury b. Protection from unreasonable searches c. Freedom of the press d. Right to keep and bear arms The 10th Amendment 1. Attempt to balance national (aka federal) and state government power The Foundation of American Politics -How much government do we need? How a bill becomes a law. 1. Introduction of bill 2. Committee Action 3. House signs 4. President signs or vetoes President Washington’s Administration 1. The 1st Political Parties Formed a. Cause: Disagreement about the expansion of federal power Alexander Hamilton 1. He supported business and business supported him -Advocated a loose interpretation (construction) of the U.S. Constitution Thomas Jefferson 1. He supported small farmers a. Advocated strict interpretation (construction) of the U.S. Constitution Alexander Hamilton 1. Favored a National Bank 2. Favored a strong national (federal) government 3. He disagreed with Jefferson 4. Supporters formed the Federalist Party Thomas Jefferson 1. Favored a weak national (federal) government 2. He disagreed with Hamilton 3. His supporters formed the Democratic-Republican Party The New Nation: 1790-1810 George Washington’s Farewell Address 1. Urged Americans to: a. Value & Maintain a Sense of Unity George Washington’s Farewell Address b. Avoid entangling alliances with other nations c. Avoid the formation of political parties (factions, divisions, etc) American Literature 1. James Fenimore Cooper a. Portrayed individualism and the pioneer spirit -The Last of the Mohicans American Literature 2. Washington Irving a. Wrote short stories relating to topics in American history -The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Early Foreign Policy: 1812-1840 Louisiana Purchase 1. New Territory a. U.S. (Jefferson) purchased from France (Napoleon) b. Doubled the size of the U.S. 2. Exploration a. Lewis and Clark War of 1812 I. CAUSES: 1. European Interference a. England and France seized American trading ships 2. Embargo Act of 1807 a. Jefferson attempts to limit European interference War of 1812 3. Impressment (kidnapping) of American sailors II. Effects 1. American Victory leads to Increased Patriotism 2. Growth of American Manufacturing (Factories) Monroe Doctrine- 1823 1. Proclaimed by President Monroe a. Purpose: to prevent future European expansion in North and South America Changes in the West: 1820-1850 Circle the West President Andrew Jackson 1. Elected 1828 a. Spoils System =Jacksonian Democracy -gave his supporters government jobs b. Opposed the National Bank -believed it was corrupt and benefitted wealthy businessmen President Andrew Jackson 3. Policy of Indian Removal a. The Trail of Tears -Forced relocation of the Cherokee -Resettled them in the west -Their land given to white farmers and miners The belief that the U.S. was meant to spread west across the continent to the Pacific is…France GreatOcean Britain Mexico Manifest Destiny Texas Becomes Independent of Mexico 1. Americans settle in Mexican Territory (Texas) a. Settlers rebel and wage war with Mexico b. “Remember the Alamo” c. Republic of Texas established (1836-1846) War with Mexico Cause: 1. Texas annexed by U.S. a. President Santa Anna still claimed sovereignty over Texas 2. War declared (Mexican-American War) War with Mexico Circle the Mexican Cession on the map. Effects: 1. U.S. Victory a. Offers $15 million for ½ of Mexico’s Territory (Mexican Cession) -later formed states such as California California Prior to Gold Rush 1. Part of New Spain 2. The Missions a. 1st settlements in California b. military forts c. spread Christianity to native population California Gold Rush (1848) 1. Effects: a. Population BOOMS (increases) b. Chinese come to Ca. c. California applies for statehood d. Admitted as a free state Women in the West 1. Gained new status a. More rights than in the East 2. Laura Ingalls Wilder a. Wrote about frontier life Women in the West 3. Annie Bidwell a. Pioneer who contributed to women’s suffrage 4. Slave Women a. Could earn money and buy freedom 5. Wyoming a. Granted suffrage (right to vote) to women Changes in the Northeast: 1820-1850 Circle the Northeast Henry Clay’s American System proposed to improve the nation’s transportation system and trade by… …creating more canals and roads Northern European Immigration 1. Immigrants from a. Germany, Scandinavia and Ireland 2. Migrate to American Cities a. work in factories b. Cities grow Irish Immigration 1. The Great Irish Famine a. Potato crop failure b. millions starve c. People emigrate from Ireland d. Immigrate to American cities Women’s Suffrage Movement 1. Movement to gain Women’s right to vote 2. Leaders included: a. Elizabeth Cady Stanton -wrote The Declaration of Sentiments Women’s Suffrage Movement c. Lucretia Mott -organized the Seneca Falls Convention (the first public women’s rights meeting in the U.S.) d. Susan B. Anthony - made speeches advocating women’s suffrage American Art 1. Transcendentalism a. Philosophy that taught the spiritual world is more important that the physical world 2. Important transcendentalists a. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau -encouraged individualism American Art b. Louisa May Alcott -wrote Little Women c. Herman Melville -wrote Moby Dick d. Nathaniel Hawthorne -wrote The Scarlet Letter Changes in the South: 1820-1850 Circle the South. Cotton Gin 1. Machine a. Invented by Eli Whitney b. Cleaned cotton quicker c. Made cotton 50 times more profitable d. Increased # of slaves Growing Importance of Cotton in the South 1. Growth in plantation owners a. Increasing number of Southern millionaires b. Southerners opposed tariffs (taxes on trade with foreign countries) c. North depended on Southern cotton for textile industry Southern Society 1. Economy based on slave labor 2. Rigid Social class system 3. Political power held by plantation owners The Abolition Movement: 1820-1860 Abolitionists 1. John Q. Adams a. Attempted to abolish slavery by proposing an amendment to the Constitution 2. Theodore Weld a. Attempted to change public opinion as an anti-slavery writer Abolitionists 3. William Lloyd Garrison a. printed newspaper (The Liberator) b. called for immediate end to slavery 4. Frederick Douglass a. former slave, Public orator, published anti-slavery newspaper, wrote autobiography Abolitionists 5. John Brown a. Attempted to end slavery through armed insurrection 6. Harriet Tubman a. Helped runaway slaves escape through the Underground Railroad The State’s Rights Doctrine 1. The idea that a state can nullify a federal law that it deems unconstitutional The State’s Rights Doctrine 2. Idea first used by Jefferson to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts (later repealed) a. Laws that limited the rights of immigrants and free speech 3. Idea used later by slave-states to defend slavery The Missouri Compromise … 12 11 Free States 1. Proposed by Henry Clay 2.maintained the balance between slave and free states 3.Banned slavery above MO’s southern border 12 11 Slave States The Wilmot Proviso 1. Attempt to prevent slavery from expanding into the land won from Mexico Compromise of 1850 1. Also Proposed by Henry Clay 2. Attempt to please the North and the South a. To please the North -CA admitted as a free state Compromise of 1850 b. To please the South -Congress would not be allowed to restrict slavery in the territories won from Mexico Kansas-Nebraska Act 1. Proposed that slavery be allowed wherever a majority of people agreed to it (popular sovereignty) Kansas-Nebraska Act 2. Got of rid of limits on slavery put forth in Missouri Compromise 3. Led to a civil war in Kansas (“Bleeding Kansas”) Dred Scott vs. Sandford 1. A slave sued for his freedom a. his owner had taken him to territories where slavery was illegal 2. Supreme Court decided he could not be free a. slaves were not citizens and therefore could not sue in U.S. courts Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1. Lincoln was against expanding slavery in the territories 2. Douglas supported popular sovereignty (majority rules) to determine where slavery would be legal The Civil War: 1861-1865 State vs. Federal Power 1. Doctrine of Nullification a. The idea that a state can reject a federal law b. Proposed by John C. Calhoun State vs. Federal Power 1. Webster-Hayne Debate a. Debate over the doctrine of nullification b. Daniel Webster defended the federal government as a representative of the people The Northern-Southern Border 1. Formed by a. the Mason-Dixon Line b. the Ohio River, c. and Missouri’s northern border The North’s Geography 1. Characterized by Rivers a. provide transportation b. way to trade c. and energy source for factories The South’s Geography 1. Characterized by Cotton Plantations a. Cotton was withheld from Europe as way to persuade them to help the South The Northern Economy 3. The Factory system a. People worked for low wages in dangerous conditions b. Factory owners grew rich c. Factory jobs attracted immigrants The Southern Economy 1. The Plantation System a. Slaves worked for no wages b. Plantation owners grew rich Lincoln’s Presidency 1. First term: 1860-1864 a. Upon his election, the South seceded from the Union b. Main goal: Maintain unity-preserve the union Lincoln’s Presidency c. The Civil War dominated his presidency d. March 1865 begins his second term e. April 1865 assassinated by John Wilkes Booth “A House Divided…” Speech “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” Lincoln argued that he U.S. would have to abolish or allow slavery in every state. st 1 Lincoln’s Inaugural Address “We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies…” 1. Lincoln called for unity and preservation of the Union The Gettysburg Address 1. Speech to dedicate the Gettysburg battlefield as a cemetery 2. Similar to the Declaration of Independence a. Both support self-government and human rights The Emancipation Proclamation 1. Decreed that all slaves in Confederate territories captured by Union forces would be granted freedom 2. Gave the Civil War a symbolic purpose—to end slavery in the U.S. nd 2 Lincoln’s Inaugural Address “With malice toward none, with charity for all…to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves…” 1. Lincoln’s vision for after the Civil War was to be characterized by peacemaking and rebuilding Union Advantages 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Higher population Factories Railroads Naval power Strong Presidential leadership (Lincoln) The Anaconda Plan 1. Union strategy for winning the war a. Establishing a naval blockade of all Southern Ports -to prevent South from selling cotton in exchange for supplies b. To gain control of Mississippi River Confederate Advantages 1. Experienced generals a. Robert E. Lee -fought for the Confederacy did not want to fight his home state (Virginia) 2. Fought on its own territory a. Knowledge of terrain b. Stronger determination to defend Major Civil War Battles 1. Ft. Sumter a. 1st battle 2. 1st Battle of Bull Run a. 1st major battle, Confederate victory b. showed Union had underestimated the Confederacy Major Civil War Battles 3. Battle of Antietam a. Bloodiest day in American history (25,000 dead and wounded) 4. Battle of Gettysburg a. Turning point of the war b. Confederacy did not regain its strength after this Union victory Major Civil War Battles 5. Siege of Vicksburg a. Union wins control of entire Mississippi River 6. Sherman’s March a. Path of destruction laid throughout Georgia with goal of ending the war Technological Advances 1. Rifles a. Increased accuracy 2. Minie Ball a. Bullets that traveled farther Technological Advances 3. Ironclad warships a. such as Merrimack (aka Virginia) and the Monitor b. Accurate firing c. Ended the use of wooden warships Lee surrenders to Grant 1. At Appomattox Court House a. April 9, 1865 2. Grants offers generous terms a. Allows Confederates to return home with private possessions and provides f ood The Reconstruction: 1865-1870 New Amendments 1. The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments a. intended to protect Civil Rights of freedmen th 13 th 14 The and Amendments 1. 13th Amendment a. abolished slavery 2. 14th Amendment a. granted citizenship to anyone born in the U.S. The 15th Amendment 3. 15th Amendment a. granted former slaves the right to vote Freedmen’s Bureau 1. Provide assistance to former slaves a. Established schools for former slaves b. Provided food and clothing c. Provided agricultural training d. Protected individual rights Jim Crow Laws 1. Laws passed in the late 1800s a. Targeted African-Americans in the South b. Denied many civil rights Congressional Reconstruction 1. Rebuilding the South a. Led by a Republican Congress 2. Required Southern states to: a. Rewrite state constitutions that granted African-American men the right to vote b. Ratify the 14th amendment The Transformation of American Society: 1865-1910 Not a leader of “Big Business” ($$$) John D.Ford Rockefeller Henry Andrew Carnegie Founder of Standard Oil Founder of Ford Steel Industrialist First American Motor Company Samuel Gompers billionaire Immigration 1. New Immigrants a. from Southern and Eastern Europe 2. Settle in large cities a. b/c of growing industries (more jobs) b. Leads to ethnic neighborhoods The Labor Movement 1. Child Labor in factories a. Was common b/c factory owners could pay them less The Labor Movement 2. Factory jobs give rise to a. American Federation of Labor -union that tried to gain higher wages and better working conditions