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The Enjoyment of Music 10th
Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Unit VII
Vocal Music of the Baroque
“Opera is the delight of Princes.”
—Marco Da Gagliano
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
21. Baroque Opera
The New Genre of the Baroque Era
Large-scale musical drama combining
• Poetry
• Acting
• Scenery
• Costumes
• Singing
• Instrumental music
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Components of Opera
Recitative
• Secco:
• Accompagnato:
Aria
Mozart: Don Giovanni, “Chi è la?”
Mozart: Don Giovanni, “Ah! Del padre…”
Handel: Messiah, “O thou that tellest”
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Components of Opera
• Recitative
– Secco
– Accompagnato
• Aria
– Da capo aria
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Ensemble numbers: Duet, Trio, Quartet, etc.
Chorus
Overture/sinfonias
Libretto, Librettist
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Early Opera in Italy
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Lavish spectacles
Claudio Monteverdi
Orfeo, Arianna
Coronation of Poppea
arioso
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Opera in France
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Italian opera rejected
Developing a national style
Tragédie lyrique
Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632–1687)
Genre won favor with King Louis XIV
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Opera in England
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Masque
James I and Charles I
Stage plays forbidden during the Commonwealth
Play set to music and called “concert”
was allowed
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Opera in England
John Blow
and
Henry Purcell
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Henry Purcell
(1659–1695)
• English singer, organist,
and composer
• Adopted elements from
Italian and French opera
• Sacred and secular
music
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Purcell: Dido and Aeneas,
Act III: Dido’s Lament (Listening Guide)
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Girls’ boarding school
Virgil’s Aeneid
Librettist: Nahum Tate
Plot: Aeneas leaves Dido, who loves him
Listening Guide PDF
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Purcell: Dido and Aeneas, Act III:
Dido’s Lament and Chorus
(Listening Guide)
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Recitative: “Thy hand, Belinda”
Aria: “When I am laid in earth”
– Five-measure chromatically descending
ground bass (ostinato)
•
Chorus: "With drooping wings"
– Polyphonic texture
– Word painting especially on words
"drooping wings"
Listening Guide PDF
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Purcell: Dido and Aeneas,
Act III: Dido’s Lament (Listening Guide)
Recitative: “Thy hand, Belinda”
Chromaticism
“Sigh motive”
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Purcell: Dido and Aeneas,
Act III: Dido’s Lament (Listening Guide)
Aria: “When I am laid in earth”
Ground Bass or Ostinato
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
George Frideric Handel
(1685–1759)
• German-born composer
of Italian, French, and
German styles catering to
English audiences
• Vocal music:
Opera seria
(Julius Caesar)
Oratorio
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
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The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th
Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
22. Barbara Strozzi
and the Italian Secular Cantata
• Cantata (Italian “to sing”)
• Vocal genre for solo singers
and instrumental accompaniment
• Based on lyric, dramatic, or narrative poetry
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Barbara Strozzi (1619–1677)
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Italian singer and composer
Educated in Venice
Worked in a male-dominated field
Prolific composer of madrigals, arias, cantatas,
and sacred motets
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Strozzi: Begli occhi (Beautiful Eyes)
(Listening Guide)
• Short secular cantata
• Two sopranos and continuo
• Shifts between unmeasured
and measured rhythm
• Abrupt tempo and mood changes
• Text speaks of unrequited love
• Dissonances emphasize bitterness
Listening Guide PDF
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
www.wwnorton.com/enjoy
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th
Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
23. Bach and the Sacred Cantata
• Sacred cantatas
• Secular cantatas
• Sacred cantatas for
the Lutheran church
• Multimovement
works
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Lutheran Chorale
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Chorale
Battle hymns of the Reformation
Martin Luther
Early hymns: in unison
Later hymns: 4-part harmony, soprano melody
Unifying thread of the Protestant cantatas
Billings: “Chester”
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750),
German Composer, Organist, Educator
• Culminating figure of the
Baroque style
• Career in Northern Germany
• Musical family
• Organist and composer
• Devout Lutheran
• Secular and church patrons
during career
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Duties at Leipzig
• Church
• University collegium musicum
• More
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Keyboard Music
The Well-Tempered Clavier
Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier I, Prelude No. 1
Instrumental Music
Sonatas and concertos
Bach: Flute Sonata No. 2, “Siciliano”
Bach: Concerto for Violin and Oboe, II
The Brandenburg Concertos
Bach: Brandenburg Concerto No. 6, III
Orchestral suites
Bach: Orchestral Suite No. 2, “Badinerie”
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Sacred Vocal Music
• 200-plus + church cantatas
• Passions
• One Catholic Mass
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Contrapuntal Master
• Musical Offering
• The Art of Fugue
Bach: Brandenburg Concerto No. 4, III (fugue)
Bach: Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue (fugue)
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Bach’s Cantatas
• Typically have 5–8 movements
• Many movements based on chorale tune
• Several choral numbers, recitatives, arias
Listening Guide PDF
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Bach: Cantata No. 80, A Mighty Fortress
Is Our God, Nos. 1, 8 (Listening Guide)
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Bach: Cantata No. 80, A Mighty Fortress
Is Our God, No. 1 (Listening Guide)
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Bach: Cantata No. 80, A Mighty Fortress
Is Our God, No. 8 (Listening Guide)
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
www.wwnorton.com/enjoy
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th
Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
24. Handel and the Oratorio
• Oratorio
– Performed by solo voices, chorus,
orchestra
– No staging or costumes
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
24. George Frideric Handel
(1685–1759)
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International career
German-born
Studied and composed in Italy
London and the Royal
Academy of Music
• Italian opera seria, oratorios
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Handel’s Music
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Diatonicism
Tone color
40-plus operas
Expanded role of chorus
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Handel’s Music
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Prolific composer of
instrumental music
Orchestral suites
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Water Music
Music for the
Royal Fireworks
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Handel: Messiah, Nos. 18, 44
(Listening Guide)
• Premiered in Dublin in 1742
• Written in 24 days
• Libretto: compilation of Old and New Testament
Listening Guide PDF
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Handel: Messiah, Nos. 18, 44
(Listening Guide)
Three-part form:
• I: Christmas
French overture
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Handel: Messiah, No. 18
(Listening Guide)
Soprano aria “Rejoice greatly” (da capo aria)
Melisma
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Handel: Messiah, No. 44
(Listening Guide)
Hallelujah Chorus: contrasting textures
•“Hallelujah! Hallelujah!”
homophonic
•“For the Lord God reigneth”
monophonic
•“The Kingdom for this world is become” homophonic
•“And He shall reign for ever and ever”
polyphonic
•“King of Kings and Lord of Lords”
homophonic
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Handel: Messiah, Nos. 18, 44
(Listening Guide) Listening Guide PDF
III: Redemption of the world through faith
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
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The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
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