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Chapter 16 - Jazz Five chronological sections: #1. The New Orleans Style: The Traditional Jazz of the Early Recordings (1920’s) The most representative early jazz recordings date from about 1923. They define what jazz was at that time. “essence of jazz” as a way of singing and playing—with many “intangible” features. What are some of the “tangible” features of jazz? accent phrasing tone color the “bending” of pitch and rhythm improvisation “Dippermouth Blues” Form and Harmony Perhaps the most common formal harmonic plan is the blues. performed by King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band and recorded in Chicago, 1923. Listen for twelve-bar blues form the improvised variations within each chorus. Instrumentation What is the instrumentation of “Dippermouth Blues”? Texture front-line, or melody (like the right hand in ragtime piano) rhythm section (like the left hand in ragtime piano) Improvisation Perhaps the most vital ingredient in jazz is improvisation. Who has been deemed the first great improvising soloist in jazz? Louis Armstrong (1898-1971) defined the “hot” style of playing in the 1920s early master of “swing” model solos of great influence on others to follow “scat” singing wordless improvising of complete choruses “Hotter than That” representative example of Louis Armstrong’s improvisation skills Listen for melodic inventiveness of cornet solos clarinet solo scat singing #2. Dissemination and Change: Before the Swing Era Chicago Two jazz styles in Chicago in the 1920s? white and black white: Original Dixieland Jazz Band New Orleans Rhythm Kings Bix Beiderbecke (1903-31) black: playing on Chicago’s South Side King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band with Louis Armstrong fluid, relaxed style What was the home of jazz in the 1920s? nightclub scene During Prohibition many clubs were run by the “mob.” Many of the jazz musicians from New Orleans went from Chicago to New York. What elements made the big band different from the traditional ensembles of early jazz? number of players; about twice the size of a New Orleans-style band new trend toward arranged jazz improvised solos remain #3. The Swing Era and the Big Bands What are the dates associated with the beginning and ending of the swing era? What elements contributed to the emergence and popularity of big band jazz during the swing era? new performance venues: dance halls and ballrooms recordings sold well Radio performances sold recordings and advertised the band’s music. Movies featured jazz bands. Three Significant Bands Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Benny Goodman Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington (1899-1974) pianist, composer, band leader The Ellington sound: unique use of instrumental color broad range as a composer pioneered writing more complex works for jazz ensemble “Ko-ko” - an example of the Ellington sound. 12-bar blues call-and-response pattern varied tone colors The Midwest and Count Basie What is the Kansas City ingredient that went into big-band jazz? “jump” hard-driving beat Count Basie (1904-84) called it “four heavy beats to a bar, and no cheating.” closely akin to the drive of boogie-woogie Benny Goodman (1909-86) white clarinetist and band leader (big bands and small) formal music education: played both classical and jazz styles acknowledged his black jazz heritage many of his arrangements: Fletcher Henderson one of the first to incorporate black musicians in his ensembles brought jazz to a new level of popularity and acceptance as dance music The Great Jazz Singers The era of the big bands was also the era of the great jazz singers. Bing Crosby Billie Holiday Ella Fitzgerald The Small Combo three to seven players played in small bars; “cocktail combo” Wartime and the Seeds of Change What are some of the changes that occurred in jazz after the end of World War II? place of jazz in American culture changed Before and during most of WWII, for the most part, there was one kind of jazz. Fewer young people followed jazz. Jazz began to be considered serious art music. The Emergence of Modern Jazz: Bop as a Turning Point What is bop? “bebop” or “rebop” emerged after WWII first exponents: small ensembles musical characteristics: John “Dizzy” Gillespie (1917-93), trumpet Charlie Parker (1920-55), alto saxophone Thelonious Monk (1917-82), piano Kenny Clarke (1914-85), bass harmonic basis remained: jazz standards Nevertheless, substitute chords, harmonic extensions were common. very fast tempi bass: keeps the beat lighter rhythm section often obscuring the beat drums: more for accentuation and cross-rhythms than for keeping the beat Unison passages open and close the pieces. Bop has been called “black backlash” to the “white synthesis.” “KoKo” representative example of bebop very fast tempo small ensemble only four performers unison passages that open and close the number What are the various styles of jazz that emerged out of bop? cool jazz hard bop and funk modal jazz free jazz Cool Jazz music of understatement, restraint, and leanness what was “new” in jazz in the 1950s; not what was “popular” slower tempi vibraphone (“vibes”) common Modern Jazz Quartet one of the most influential combos in this style Birth of the Cool Miles Davis, trumpet Hard Bop and Funk 1950s and 1960s reaction against the restraint of cool jazz pull back toward jazz roots; especially black gospel music leaders: Art Blakely, drummer Horace Silver, pianist and composer changes from bop: relaxed tempi backbeat rhythm preference for darker tones tenor saxophone (instead of alto) Modal Jazz new developments: harmony and structure virtually static harmony improvisation: based on a succession of scales longer improvisations Miles Davis (1926-91), trumpet Kind of Blue (1959), So What “Out of This World” - John Coltrane Listen for static harmony on piano saxophone’s elaboration of tune virtuosic drumming The “Third Stream” and Other Developments Parallel to Bop incorporation of musical elements, procedures, and actual instruments that had been considered foreign to jazz instruments: violins, cellos, flutes, and French horns merging elements from the jazz and “classical,” or European traditions Gunther Schuller called this merging of elements from the jazz and “classical,” or European traditions the “third stream” What are some specific examples of “third stream” developments? rhythmic innovations triple meter asymmetrical meters (Unsquare Dance) Rock Fusions and Electric Jazz in the 1970s and 1980s “Bitches Brew” by Miles Davis recorded in 1969. electric instruments: piano, guitars (bass and lead) jazz-rock fusion change in the rhythmic basis: beat: mostly the “square” rock beat ground bass ostinato Reconnection with Tradition a resurgence and reinterpretation of bebop conservation of jazz classics as live music trumpet player Wynton Marsalis (b. 1961) is a representative example of one of a new generation of virtuosos. fluent in both jazz and classical music His jazz oratorio Blood on the Fields won the Pulitzer Prize for musical composition. What is the primary function of repertory bands? to re-create specific pieces often transcribe music from early recordings began to develop in the 1970s examples: American Jazz Orchestra and Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra based in New York beginning in the 1970s Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra 1990