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Gender and Sexuality Some Definitions • Sex—the biological category of male or female; sexual intercourse • Gender—cultural, social, and psychological meanings associated with masculinity or femininity • Gender roles—behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits designated either masculine or feminine in a given culture • Gender identity—A person’s psychological sense of being male or female • Sexual orientation—direction of a person's emotional and erotic attractions Gender Related Differences • Gender-role stereotypes are the beliefs and expectations people hold about the characteristics and behaviors of each sex • The differences between men and women are average differences, not absolute differences. • Knowing that a gender difference exists in no way explains what caused that difference. • Differences do not mean deficiencies • Three main areas of gender differences – Personality – Cognitive abilities – Sexual attitudes and behaviors Personality Differences • No significant differences between men and women on most characteristics • Women tend to be more nurturant than men • Men tend to be more assertive than women Cognitive Differences • No differences for most cognitive abilities • Verbal, reading, and writing—females consistently score higher • Spatial skills—males outscore females on mentally rotating objects, females score better on remembering locations of objects • Math Skills—males score slightly better than females Males & Females differ in their memory abilities. See the video from NBC News. “His” and “Her” Brains? Male and female brains are much more alike than they are dissimilar Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors • Reported differences between males and females in these areas have become less pronounced since the 1960s • Some differences did emerge in metaanalysis of 170 studies. Compared to women, men… – tend to have more sexual partners, – experience first intercourse at an earlier age, – masturbate more frequently than women. Are women really more emotional than men? • Research findings suggest that men and women differ little in their experience of emotions. • However, women more easily express their emotions and display more emotional awareness. • The expression of emotions is strongly determined by culturally determined display rules. • In the United States and many other cultures, women are allowed a wider range Men, Women, & Conflict: Bridging the Gender Gap Communication & Conflict • Researchers have found that men and women communicate differently when dealing with problems, emotional issues, and interpersonal conflict – Women often become the “emotion managers” and “care-takers of intimacy” in close relationships. – During emotional conflicts, men are more likely than women to experience flooding—feeling overwhelmed by their own emotions – When men experience flooding, they typically go into the stonewalling mode—which frustrates and angers women, who react by flooding Breaking the Cycle • Suggestions for breaking the vicious circle of flooding-stonewalling-flooding include the following: – Be aware of gender differences – Call a time-out if you are feeling overwhelmed – Focus on constructive thoughts during the timeout – Keep the focus on maintaining the relationship