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Connecting st Creativity to 21 Century Skills Colleen Anthony Department of Student Success—Gifted and Talented JEFFCO Public Schools [email protected] http://gttosa.wikispaces.com/Creativity+2011 Wendy Leader University of Colorado at Colorado Springs [email protected] Welcome To Begin our Connections… Working individually or with a small group, complete the following map to define your current understanding of creativity. Plucker, J. A., & Dow, G. (2010.) Attitude Change as the Precursor to Creativity Enhancement. In Beghetto & Kaufman (Eds.), Nurturing Creativity in the Classroom. Working Definition of Creativity What did you discover? Creativity is defined as a novel and appropriate response to an open-ended task. (Ruscio and Amabile, 1999) What is Creativity? An Ability to imagine or invent something new. An Attitude to accept change and newness, a willingness to play with ideas and possibilities, a flexibility of outlook, the habit of enjoying the good, while looking for ways to improve it. A Process to continually improve ideas and solutions, by making gradual alterations and refinements to their works. Introduction to Creative Thinking, Robert Harris. Version Date: July 1, 1998 Creativity Skills • Fluency. The ability to produce a larger number of ideas • Flexibility. The ability to make connections between unrelated concepts • Originality. The ability to make unique ideas • Elaboration. The ability to manipulate an idea and work on it until it is well-formed Guilford, 1950; Rhodes, 1961; Torrance, 1965. Creativity Strategies Encourage alternate solutions or products when existing solutions are inappropriate or yield less than satisfactory results. • • • • • • SCAMPER Attribute listing Random listing Brainstorming Creative Problem Solving Synectics – Analogies • Six Thinking Hats • Morphological synthesis • Creative dramatics • Biographical study • Imagery • Encounter lessons Fairweather, E., & Cramond, B. and Piirto, J. (2010). In Beghetto & Kaufman (Eds.), Nurturing Creativity in the Classroom. Elements of Creativity • Components o Person o Process o Product o Press (situation and environment) o Passion* (Rhodes, 1961; Lemons, 2011*) Creative Methods • Evolution: Incremental improvement; Every problem that has been solved can be solved again in a better way. • Synthesis. Two or more existing ideas are combined into a third, new idea. • Revolution. Completely different, new idea • Reapplication. Look at something old in a new way. • Changing Direction: Attention is shifted from one angle of a problem to another Introduction to Creative Thinking , Robert Harris. Version Date: July 1, 1998 Levels of Creativity • Intuitive expressive: independent, spontaneous • Productive: product expressed through academic or technical mastery over some portion of environment (art, science) • Inventive: ingenuity in seeing new uses/ideas beyond the traditional • Innovative: original, out-of-the-ordinary • Emergenative/Genius: entirely new principle, paradigm or assumption (L. Wilson, 2004 from A. Taylor, 1959) Levels of Creativity • Two levels: o Local (“Little c”) – expressive, inventive, productive, everyday o Global (“Big C”) – innovative, emergenative, earthshattering, legendary (Csikszentmihalyi, 1996) • Four C Model of Creativity: o Interpretive (“Mini-c”) – new, personally meaningful interpretations – important to recognize in the classroom o Professional (“Pro-c”) – professional-level expertise – can provide long-range goals for students (Beghetto & Kaufman, 2009) Characteristics of Creativity Work with a partner to determine both positive and negative characteristics of creativity. Characteristics of Creative Individuals Positive Perceptions Negative Perceptions Imagination ---------------Tolerance for ambiguityNonconformity -----------Humor ----------------------Preference for solitude -Resistance to closure ----Attracted to complexity-- --ADD, Head in the clouds --Wishy-washy --Doesn’t fit in, Stubborn --ADD, Class clown --Loner, unsociable --ADD, Never finishes --Won’t do the “basics” Characteristics apply across domains. (Characteristics from Barron, 1969, 1988; MacKinnon, 1978) Characteristics of Creative Individuals Four core attitudes: • Naïveté – observing the obvious with fresh perspective • Self-discipline – specifically directed to creator’s choice of area, not to the agenda of others • Risk-taking – courage to stumble, fail, and rebound form rejection • Group trust – required belief in group process, necessary for collaborative creativity Core attitudes apply across domains. (Piirto, 2005) Selected Strategies for Building Creativity in Content Areas • Brainstorming (example: math) • SCAMPER (example: writing a story) • Six Thinking Hats (example: literary analysis) • Variations on Synectics (direct analogy, personal analogy, fantasy analogy, symbolic analogy) (example: direct analogy in social studies) • Observation journals (example: science) Classroom Environment • • • • • • • • • • Teachers’ expression of their own creative qualities Open valuing of creativity Teacher flexibility Teacher optimism Teacher spontaneity Teacher not taking self too seriously Perceived teacher warmth Teacher likeability Teacher enthusiasm Teacher courteousness From Fairweather & Cramond, 2010 Classroom Environment • Climate of psychological safety: o o o o students safe from ridicule students accepted for who they are students willing to take risks students free from excessive pressure • Ways to achieve psychological safety: o o o o accept & value all children’s contributions stress cooperation limit time constraints, competition, & punitive evaluation create atmosphere of respect by not tolerating taunting, name-calling, bullying or put-downs From Fairweather & Cramond, 2010 Classroom Environment • Student autonomy • Appropriate structure & guidance: o consistent, high expectations expressed in a nonthreatening way • Specific feedback to convey standards & promote learning • Rich variety of resources • Room for movement & varying workspaces • Room for active as well as quiet learning • Time for reflection & processing From Fairweather & Cramond, 2010 Ideas from the following chapters in Beghetto, R., & Kaufman, J. (Eds.). (2010). Nurturing Creativity in the Classroom. NY: Cambridge University Press: Fairweather, E., & Cramond, B. Infusing Creative and Critical Thinking into the Curriculum Together, pp. 113-141. Plucker, J., & Dow, G. Attitude Change as the Precursor to Creativity Enhancement, pp. 362-369. Develop a Goal/Action Plan to Intentionally Incorporate Creativity Create a Plan Cultivate a Cycle for Self-reflection Deep Understanding of Definition Focus on Future Growth Reflection on Events to Implement Change Awareness of Characteristics Implementation of Strategies